E. Nutrition and Supporting Sciences ( IN 1-14)

Question 1

Tissue stores of glucose

Answer 1

1. Glycogen (from muscle and liver)
2. Fat (adipose tissue)
3. Cellular mass (protein stores)
4. Non-CHO sources (gluconeogenesis)

Question 2

Organic catalysts that control a reaction

Answer 2

Enzymes

Question 3

Enzymes are ____.

Answer 3

Proteins

Question 4

Enzyme activators

Answer 4

Coenzymes (vitamins)

Question 5

Coenzymes needed for energy production include pantothenic acid, ______, riboflavin, and _____.

Answer 5

Pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.

Question 6

Substance upon which an enzyme works

Answer 6

Substrate

Question 7

Assists enzymes

Answer 7

Cofactors (minerals)

Question 8

Chemical messengers that trigger enzyme action; secreted from endocrine glands

Answer 8

Hormones

Question 9

Minimum amount of energy needed at rest in fasting state; to carry out involuntary work of the body

Answer 9

Basal energy expenditure (BEE)

Question 10

Energy needed to digest, absorb, and assimilate nutrients

Answer 10

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

Question 11

Basal metabolic rate measures ______. It is influenced by the _____ gland.

Answer 11

Oxygen consumed, thyroid

Question 12

BMR is _____ in women and older adults and _______* in those 0-2 years of age.

Answer 12

Lowest, highest

Question 13

BMR is measured by protein bound iodine (PBI), which measures the level of _______ produced, or activity of the ______ gland. Increased PBI, Increased BMR.

Answer 13

Thyroxine (T4), Thyroid

Question 14

Energy expenditure measured under similar conditions, after a short rest and controlled intake of caffeine and alcohol. More common than BMR. Ex. Mifflin St. Jeor

Answer 14

Resting metabolic rate

Question 15

Measures heat produced in respiration chamber (limited usefulness).

Answer 15

Direct calorimetry

Question 16

Measures O2 used and CO2 excreted using a portable machine. (PRACTICAL way of measuring which nutrients are being used for energy and determining caloric needs).

Answer 16

Indirect calorimetry

Question 17

_______ = CO2 expired/O2 consumed

Answer 17

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Question 18

RQ depends on fuel mixture being metabolized. _____ has highest RQ, while ____ the lowest.

Answer 18

Carbohydrate, Fat.

Question 19

To lower the respiratory quotient, increase ___ intake.

Answer 19

Fat

Question 20

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Answer 20

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Question 21

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Answer 21

Disaccharides

Question 22

Starch, cellulose, pectin, glycogen, dextrin

Answer 22

Polysaccharides (complex sugars)

Question 23

*______ is the sweetest. *____ is slightly less sweet than glucose.

Answer 23

Fructose, Sorbitol

Question 24

Carbohydrates are made up (chemical properties) of _____, ____, and ____.

Answer 24

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 25

Proteins are made up (chemical properties) of _____, ____, ____, and ____. Some also have ___.

Answer 25

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Sulfur.

Question 26

Essential AA.

Answer 26

TV TILL PMH | threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine

Question 27

Conditionally essential AA. (during catabolic stress)

Answer 27

Arginine, glutamine

Question 28

Amino acids are composed of an ____ and a ____. For this reason, they can act as a ______,

Answer 28

Amino group (base) and a carboxyl group (acid), Buffer

Question 29

*Sulfur is found in which amino acids? (3)

Answer 29

Cysteine, Cystine, and Methionine.

Question 30

Proteins are classified as _____, _____, or _____.

Answer 30

Simple (AA), conjugated (simple + non-pro substance) or derived (fragments of breakdown of simple + conjugated.

Question 31

Soybeans are low in ______.

Answer 31

Methionine

Question 32

Lipids are comprised of ___, ____, and _____.

Answer 32

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Question 33

Types of lipids include _____, ____, and ____, or those made from breakdown of the other types.

Answer 33

Simple (TG), compound (simple + other component), and derived.

Question 34

____ are compound lipids that control passage in and out of the cell. Most are ______, which contain _____ (lipotropic factor). Lipotropic factors encourage export of fat from/preventing fat accumulation in the liver.

Answer 34

Phospholipids, lecithins, choline

Question 35

All bonds of the Carbon chain of ______ fatty acids are filled with Hydrogen. These fatty acids are _____ at room temperature.

Answer 35

Saturated, Hard

Question 36

___ fatty acids have one or more double bonds. They are ____ at room temperature.

Answer 36

Unsaturated, Liquid

Question 37

*________ oil is the most polyunsaturated fat. *_______ oil is the most unsaturated fat.

Answer 37

Safflower, Canola

Question 38

*The best source of linoleic acid (w-6) is ______.

Answer 38

Safflower

Question 39

The best source of linolenic acid (w-3) is _____.

Answer 39

Fish oil (also canola oil, flaxseed, walnuts)

Question 40

*Lack of linoleic acid (w-6) leads to _____.

Answer 40

Poor growth rate

Question 41

Linolenic acid (w-3) functions in retinal function and brain development. Lack of this essential FA leads to _____.

Answer 41

Neurological changes and blurred vision

Question 42

*If linoleic acid (w-6) replaces CHO, LDL-C is _____, and HDL-C is ______. If linoleic acid (w-6) replace saturated fat, total cholesterol is ______.

Answer 42

Decreased, Increased, Decreased (including HDL)

Question 43

______ acid decreases hepatic production of triglycerides, but has little effect on total cholesterol.

Answer 43

Linolenic acid (w-3)

Question 44

The process of adding Hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids (at the double bond) to increase saturation and stability.

Answer 44

Hydrogenation

Question 45

In ____ fatty acids, the added hydrogens are across from each other. Ex. margarines, shortenings, frying fats

Answer 45

Trans FA

Question 46

In ____ fatty acids, the hydrogens are on the same side at the double bond. Most natural fats and oils.

Answer 46

Cis FA

Question 47

The most saturated FA is _____.

Answer 47

Coconut oil

Question 48

The most monounsaturated FA is ____.

Answer 48

Olive oil

Question 49

The most polyunsaturated FA is ___.

Answer 49

Safflower oil

Question 50

____ provides the most energy, because it has more carbon atoms available for oxidation. (more C, less O2)

Answer 50

Fat

Question 51

______ oil is useful in the preparation of salad dressings because it has been treated and made to not crystallize when refrigerated. It is clear, not cloudy.

Answer 51

Winterized oil

Question 52

____ - _____ L/d is lost in insensible water loss.

Answer 52

.8 - 1.2 L/d

Question 53

Main cation in extracellular fluid.

Answer 53

Sodium

Question 54

Main cation in intracellular fluid.

Answer 54

Potassium

Question 55

Atomic weights of Na, K, Ca

Answer 55

23 (Na), 39 (K), 40 (Ca)

Question 56

Valences of Na, K, Ca

Answer 56

1 (Na), 1 (K), 2 (Ca)

Question 57

Effect of _____: exerts colloidal pressure on blood vessel wall, holding fluid inside

Answer 57

Protein (Dec protein, Dec pressure); Fluid moves from ECF to interstitial space

Question 58

Normal serum sodium concentration

Answer 58

135-145 mEq/L

Question 59

Symptoms of dehydration include:

Answer 59

Nausea, headache, dizziness, fatigue, decreased appetite, weight loss, sunken eyes, fever, excessive sweating, dry inelastic skin, concentrated urine, increase in solutes (BUN), hyperventilation, tachycardia

Question 60

Acid-base balance is the regulation of _____. Acid ______ these ions, while base takes up these ions.

Answer 60

Hydrogen. Acid releases H, while base takes up H.

Question 61

Major buffer (mixture of acid/base components to protect against strong acid/base):

Answer 61

Carbonic acid (acid) and sodium bicarbonate (base)

Question 62

The _____ and the _____ regulate components of the body's buffer system (carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate).

Answer 62

Lungs and the kidneys.

Question 63

The lungs control ______, by altering the rate of breathing, while the kidneys control ____, by regulating base excretion and reabsorption. A CHANGE IN ONE SIDE OF THE BUFFER BRINGS ABOUT A COMPENSATORY CHANGE IN THE OTHER SIDE TO MAINTAIN BALANCE.

Answer 63

Acid, Base

Question 64

In hypoventilation, acid is ______, while in hyperventilation, acid is _____.

Answer 64

Retained, excreted