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Domain 1: Principles of Dietetics > C. Research > Flashcards

Flashcards in C. Research Deck (44)
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1
Q

________: Prediction of a relationship; Often expressed as more or less than

A

Hypothesis

2
Q

________: No relationship; Often expressed as equal to

A

Null hypothesis

3
Q

Specific lab, clinical, objective or subjective findings are noted in the ______ section. Results are INTERPRETED in the ______ section.

A

Results, Discussion

4
Q

________ research:

Generates hypothesis.
Establishes associations among actors but does NOT determine causal relationships.

A

Descriptive research

5
Q

_________ research:

Tests hypothesis.
ALLOWS causal relationships to be determined.

A

Analytical research

6
Q

The ________ group receives the treatment, while the _____ group does not, but may receive placebo which gives the aura of treatment.

A

Experimental, control

7
Q

________ ______: positive response due to attention received. (AKA placebo effect)

A

Hawthorne effect

8
Q

*A Quasi-experimental design is the _____ _____ method. Measurements are taken before and after the program to see whether there has been a noteworthy change.

A

Time series method

9
Q

Types of Descriptive Research include:

A

Qualitative research
Case study
Survey

10
Q

Types of Analytical Research include:

A
Experimental model
Quasi-experimental design
Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Cross-sectional studies
11
Q

Uses randomization to divide population into experimental and control groups. Program is successful if experimental group has greater improvement than the control.

A

Experimental model

12
Q

Focuses on a specific disease, comparing those with the disease to those without. Both groups recall past behaviors. Retrospective.

A

Case-control studies

13
Q

Cohort of healthy people followed through time to see if they develop a specific disease. Sometimes called ‘incidence studies’. Longitudinal and prospective.

A

Cohort studies

14
Q

One time data collection. Sometimes called ‘prevalence studies’.
*A snap-shot look at one point in time; describes current, not past or future events.

A

Cross-sectional studies

15
Q

Series of measurements at periodic intervals before, throughout, and after the program. Shows whether a noteworthy change has been achieved. (time series method)

A

Quasi-experimental design

16
Q

Relevance or ______: the ability to measure a phenomenon it intends to measure

A

Validity

17
Q
  • ______ ______: Tests whether the difference between two groups is real

Ie. Has the experimental group really performed differently?

A

Internal validity

18
Q
  • ______ ______: Tests whether a generalization made from the study may apply to a larger population
A

External validity

19
Q

________ of ______ (ANOVA) is a tool used to evaluate validity of a test.

A

Analysis of variance

20
Q

______: Evaluates consistency or reproducibility of results. _______ is a measure of this.

A

Reliability, precision

21
Q

______: Measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified

______: Measures the proportion of negatives which are correctly identified as such

A

Sensitivity

Specificity

22
Q

______ variables are outcomes. _____ variables are what is manipulated in the study. Treatments for diseases are ______ variables.

A

Dependent, Independent, Independent

23
Q

Sampling:

__________: each segment of the population will be represented in the sample
(i.e. randomization)

__________: No way of forecasting that each element will be represented in the sample
(i.e. convenience or accidental - no attempt to control bias; quota - select units in same ratio as found in general population)

A

Probability

Non-probability

24
Q

Measuring Data Distributions

Simple average

A

Mean

25
Q

Measuring Data Distributions

Midpoint

A

Median

26
Q

Measuring Data Distributions

Most frequently occurring value

A

Mode

27
Q

Measures of Dispersion

Difference between highest and lowest value in the set

A

Range

28
Q

Measures of Dispersion

Indicates degree of dispersion about the mean

A

Standard deviation

29
Q

*2/3 (68%) of all observations in a normal distribution lie within _ Standard Deviation of the mean.

95% lie within 2 SDs of mean.

A

*2/3 (68%) of all observations in a normal distribution lie within 1 Standard Deviation of the mean.

30
Q

Existence of relationships

*The ______ the points are to the line, the ______ the degree of linear relationship. (on a scatter diagram)

A

The closer the points are to the line, the stronger the degree of linear relationship.

31
Q

Linear correlation coefficient (r).

The value of R is always between __ and __.

A

The value of R is always between -1 and +1.

32
Q

The ______ r is to 1 OR -1, the ____ the degree of the linear relationship.

If r=0, there is no linear relationship.

A

Closer, stronger

33
Q

Level of Significance

The _____ the p-value, the ____ the significance of your results.

A

Lower p-value, Higher significance

(most will not accept results as statistically significant unless p

34
Q

This type of study is used to remove bias from research; neither the researcher nor the subject knows which group is receiving treatment and which the placebo

A

Double blind study

35
Q

Rate of death

A

Mortality

36
Q

State of disease

A

Morbidity

37
Q

Techniques that allow conclusions to extend beyond an immediate data set; Infers qualities about a population; To make generalizations from a sample to a population.

A

Inferential statistics

38
Q

This test does not depend on a normal distribution

A

Nonparametric test

39
Q

Only 2 events are possible in this score (i.e. heads or tails)

A

Dichotomous score

40
Q

Scores measured on a continuous scale

A

Continuous score

41
Q

This type of study is a scaled down version of the larger investigation. It includes every step in the study, but done on a small test group to test for feasibility.

A

Pilot study

42
Q

Method of obtaining information about a target group through this smaller group who discuss beliefs, opinions, problems, etc.

A

Focus group

43
Q

This test whether or not there is a real difference between categories. Compares the frequency with which observations are expected to occur with the frequency they actually occurred.

A

Chi square

44
Q

Tests null against alternative hypothesis.

If this probability value is less than or equal to the level set for significance, the null hypothesis is rejected, in favor of the alternative hypothesis.

A

T test