Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

a. Pharm 2 > E2 Concepts > Flashcards

E2 Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) receptor sites destroyed leading to a lack of nerve impulses and muscle responses at the myoneural junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What special precautions should you take with patients who have myasthenia gravis?

A

Lack of muscle control leads to decreased ability to breathe. Always access breathing and ability to swallow before giving PO medication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cholinergic vs Adrenergic

A

Both involved with the autonomic nervous system. Cholinergic (constricted pupils, increased saliva, bronchoconstriction, increased GI mucus, bladder contraction) Adrenergic (dry mouth, dilated pupils, increased contractility, increased HR, bronchodilation, bladder relaxation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cholinergic NT

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adrenergic NT

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Parkinson’s Disease Patho

A

Chronic disorder with the imbalance of NT. Dopamine normally control acetylcholine to inhibit (ACh’s) excitability.
Parkinson’s disease is the degeneration of dopamine neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Three main Parkinson characteristics

A

Tremors (head, neck and limbs at rest) Rigidity (increased muscle tone) Bradykinesia (slow movements)
Additional: Postural changes (head + chest forward) Shuffling walk, lack of facial expressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment of parkinson

A

Many of the dopamine neurons are destroyed before signs show.
Non pharmacologic: Exercise, nutrition (weight loss) and supports
Medications to replace dopamine or block acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Blocks cholingergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dopaminergics

A

Converts to dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dopamine agonists

A

Stimulates dopamine receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MOA-B inhibitors

A

Inhibits the action of the MOA-B enzyme that interferes with dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alzheimers Disease

A

Chronic progressive neurodegenerative condition
Beta-amyloid and neuritic plaques form, neurofibrillary tangles and not enough !acetylcholine!`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acetylcholinsterase (AChE) Inhibitors/Cholinesterase Inhibitor

A

Inhibit the break down of ACh that is done by AChE
Allows more acetylcholine in the neuron receptors, increases cognitive function, used for mild to moderate dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

NMDA Receptro Antagonist

A

Blocks neuronal receptors for N-methyl- D-aspartate
- Normalzies the Ca++ enhancing the use of glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cholinergic Crisis

A

Overdosed from cholinesterase inhibitors - see SE within 30-60 minutes
Severe muscle weakness: respiratory paralysis and arrest, abnormal pupil constriction, excess salivation, pallor, sweating, vertigo, Gi distress, bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

Autoimmune disorder - attacks myelin sheath of nerve fivers, causes lesions or plaques
Characteristics: Variable but muscle weakness, cognitive impairment, spasticity, diplopia and dysphagia
No specific diagnosis labs can indicate elevated (IgG) or increased IgG/albumin ratio
Lesions are observable in a brain MRI
Drug therapy used to relieve symptoms, maintain QOL, and prevent permanent damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disease modifying therapy (DMT) for MS

A

Can decrease the number and severity of the MS attacks, slow progression of disability
Do not use with Echinacea + melatonin
Monitor liver function (hepatotoxicity) and signs of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Falling asleep uncontrollably while driving, talking, eating or standing
Treatment is a stimulant

20
Q

ADHD

A

Dysregulation of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
Inattentive, inability to concentrate, restlessness, impulsivity

21
Q

Herbs nursing considerations

A

No regulation, pts should look for seals (US Pharmacopeia, consumer lab, natural products association and NSF international)
Do not give herbs to infants or young children, do not take large quantities
Assessment: Obtain all therapies a patient uses (OTC drugs, herbs and vitamins)

22
Q

Glaucoma

A

Too much aqueous humor leads to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) which leads to nerve damage
Two classifications: Open angle + Closed/Narrow Angle

23
Q

Diagnostic studies for eyes

A

Locate lesions, foreign bodies, objects, eval dry eye
Forurescein stains, rose bengal, lissamnie green

24
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of conjunctiva membrane (pink eye)

25
Q

Blepharitis

A

infection of lids/lashes

26
Q

Chalazion

A

blocked meibomian gland, eyelid cyst

27
Q

Hordelum

A

stye

28
Q

Infectious keratitis

A

cornea infection

29
Q

infectious uveitis

A

vascular infection, red + swollen eyes

30
Q

Eye infections Pt Education

A

Discard and discontinue contact lenses

31
Q

Eye decongestants

A

Vasoconstrictors that narrow blood vessels, reduce eye redness/edema
CAUTION with pt hypertension
Contraindicated in pts with narrow angle glaucoma

32
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Central vision affected
Overgrowth of sub retinal blood vessel, fluid leakage and separation of the macula leads to vision loss/distortion

33
Q

Ear infection (Acute otitis media)

A

Often starts as congestion and eustachian tube inflammation
PAIN relief + antibiotics

34
Q

Acute Otitis Externa

A

Swimmers ear, in the outer ear canal
Anti-infectives can cause burning or stinging and aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity

35
Q

Acne Vulgaris

A

Characterized by comedones, papules, nodules, cycts
Results from keratin plugs and bacteria
Non-pharm: Gentle cleansing, oil free lotions and makeup, healthy diet

36
Q

iPLEDGE

A

Risk management program for isotretinoin includes sections for patient, provider, pharmacist and wholesaler
Sections need to be done by each group each month

37
Q

Verruca Vulgaris

A

Warts, often benign
Can treat with OTC salicylic acid or cryotherapy

38
Q

Drug-Induced Dermatitis

A

Characteristics; Rash, urticaria, papules, vesicles
Erythema multiforme: Steven-Johnson
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: detachment of epidermis from underlying layers

39
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

Causes by cosmetics, perfume, laundry soaps or poison ivy
Treatment: Burows solution (aluminum acetate) Calamine lotion

40
Q

Impetigo

A

Staphylococcus aureus infections
Appears as honey-colored crusts
Contagious - spreads through daycare/school quickly
Treatment: Mupirocin (bactroban) cephalixin (keflex)

41
Q

1st, 2nd, 3rd degree burn classification

A

1st: redness, mild to moderate pain
2nd: deep thickness, blistering, painful
3rd: full thickness, nerve damage no pain

42
Q

miosis

A

construction of pupils

43
Q

mydriasis

A

dilation of pupils

44
Q

IOP

A

increased intra ocular pressure

45
Q

mydriatics

A

drugs that cause dilation of pupils

46
Q

cycloplegics

A

drugs that cause paralysis of ocular muscles

47
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

a. Pharm 2 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions