E3 Flashcards by Thomas Nguyen

To obtain the least pressure

apply a small force spread over a large area.

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When a stretched material does NOT return to its original shape, it is called

plastic

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When a stretched material returns to its original shape, it is called

elastic

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Which of the following terms is defined as deformation divided by original length

strain

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Which stress is caused by a pull on the body acted upon?

tensile

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Which force exerts a squeezing effect on the body acted upon?

compression

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A load that produces twisting of a body around its longitudinal axis is called a

torsion load

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Identify the TRUE statement:

a. increasing the magnitude of a force acting on a surface area increaes the amount of stress acting on the surface
b. decreasing the magnitude of a force acting on a sruface area increases the amount of stress acting on the surface
c. Both
d. Neither

a. increasing the magnitude of a force acting on a surface area increases the amount of stress acting on the surface

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Stress is defined as the

force per unit area

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Connective tissue such as tendon and ligaments are ________, meaning that they do not have the same mechanical properties in every direction.

Anisotropic

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Which component of bone is primarily responsible for its compressive strength?

minerals

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Which component of bone is primarily responsible for its tensile strength?

collagen

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Bone is strongest at resisting

compressive stress

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Bone is weakest at resisting

shear stress

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When an object or material is axially loaded in tension with forces pulling at the ends, the object tends to

elongate in the direction of external load

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When an object is axially loaded in compression with forces pushing at the ends, the object tends to

shorten in the direction of the external load

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What is a part of the axial skeleton?

The Skull

The Vertebrae

The Sternum

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Articular cartilage overs

All bone surfaces at articulations

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The scapula is an example of a _____ bone.

Flat

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The fibula is an example of a _____ bone.

Long

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The hard an dense outer later of long bones is composed of cortical bone.

T or F

True

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The appendicular skeleton includes…

The limbs; i.e. the humerus

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The type of joint that allows for the greatest range of motion is called

Synovial

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The central portion of the skeltal system is called the

Axial Skeleton

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One function of the synovial fluid is to nourish the articular cartilage T or F

True

The shoulder joint is an example of a

Ball and Socket Joint

The complete ossification of the epiphyseal cartilage in most long bones occur

During puberty

Which of the following joint types allow only two degree of freedom of movement? a. fibrous b. ball and socket c. pivot d. saddle e. none of the above

d. saddle

Which of the following joint types allows only one degree of freedom? a. fibrous b. ball and socket c. pivot d. saddle e. none of the above

Pivot

Which of the following is known as the growth center of a bone?

Epiphysis

Which of the following structures contribute to the stability of a synovial joint? (4)

1. Muscles 2. Tendons 3. Ligaments 4. Articular Cartilage All of them.

Which of the following is not part of the appendicular skeleton?

The ribs.

The function of the skeleton system includes (3)

1. Movement 2. Support 3. Protection

A synovial joint includes (3)

1. the articular cartiage 2. the articular capsule 3. the stnovial membrane All of them

Range of motion of a limb can be limited by (3)

1. Bone 2. Ligament 3. Muscles All of them.

Mobility, or the ease of movement through a range of mottion can be affected by (4)

1. Friction 2. Muscles around the joint 3. Loose particles in the joint 4. Damage to the synovial membrane All of them.

The torqe-generating capabilities of a muscle is affected by (2)

The cross-sectional area of the muscle AND The arrangement of the muscle around the joint.

The force applied by a muscle is

A pull.

The research on the tension-length relationship of muscles indicates that a muscle is capable of generating maximal force when the muscle is

slightly longer than resting length

Muscles are able to produce larger forces during centric conreactions than during isometric contractions T or F

False

During an eccentric muscular contraction

The muscle lengthens

During an isometric muscular contraction

the muscle does no work

Type I muscle fibers have a faster rate of tension development than Type IIB muscle fibers. T or F

False

Cords of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone are called

Tendons

When a muscle contracts, it pulls with

Equal force on each attachment

The unique distinguishing characteristic of muscle is

Its ability to develop tension

When a muscle is active and its attachments draw closer together, the muscle is acting

concentrically

When a muscle is active and its attachments DO NOT move relative to each other, the muscle is acting

isometrically

When a muscle is stretched quickly, the resulting stretch reflex causes the

muscle to contract

What reflex initiated during the backswing is critical in enhancing performance of a forehand drive in tennis?

Stretch

What specific stimulus does the Golgi tendon organ detect?

Tension in the muscle

In response to increased tension in a muscle, the reflec action initiated by the golgi tendon organ tends to cause the

muscle to relax

What is the proprioceptor for the stretch reflec?

Muscle spindle

The CNS consists of

The brain and spinal cord

The muscle spindle detects

the stretch of a muscle or its relative changes in length

Select the true statement: a. The stretch reflex inhibits contraction of the antagonist muscle b. the stretch reflex stimulates contraction of the stretched muscle c. the tendon reflex inhibits contraction of the tensed muscle d. a and b e. all of the above

b. the stretch reflex stimulates contraction of the stretched muscle

The opposite of muscular endurance is what?

Muscular fatiguability

Which of the following types of strength training is particularly associated with subsequent muscular soreness?

Eccentric

High joints have how many axes?

As the velocity of a concentric contraction increases, the maximum force a muscle can produce increases. T or F

False

The TENSION-generating capability of a muscle is affected by

the cross-sectional area of the muscle

The TORQUE-generating capability of a muscle is affected by

The cross-sectional area of the muscle AND The arrangement of the muscle around a joint

The force applied by a muscle is

a pull

The maximum amount of torque a muscle is able to produce about a joint is independnt of the angle of the joint T or F

Flase

Select the true statement: a. The stretch reflex inhibits contraction of the antagonist muscle b. The stretch reflec stimualtes contraction of the stretcched muscle c. The tendon reflex inhibits contraction of the tensed muscle d. a and b e. all of hte above

The stretch reflex stimulates contraction of the stretched muscle

Muscles are able to produce larger forces during concentric contractions than during isometric contractions T or F

False

As the velocity of a concentric contraction increases, the maximum force a muscle can produce increases T or F

False

During a concentric muscular contraction

The muscle does positive work

During an eccentric muscular contraction

The muscle lengthens

The muscle spindle detects

the stretch of a muscle or its relative changes in length

Type I muscle fibers have a faster rate of tension development than Type IIB muscle fibers T or F

False

When a muscle contracts, it pulls with

equal force on each attachment

The size of the force produced in a whole-muscle contraction can be controlled by

altering the number of active motor units AND altering the rate of stimulation

The peripheral nervous system consists of

All the nervous tissue outside the brain and the spinal column.

Ligaments are less stiff and slightly weaker than tendons because

Ligaments have a different type of collagen fiber

Which of the following terms is used to describe bone with relatively high porosity?

Cancellous

In a child, severe injury to an epiphyseal plate may cause

Premature closure of the epiphyseal junction AND termination of longitudinal bone growth

What is the proprioceptor for the stretch reflex?

Muscle spindle

In response to increased tension in a muscle, the reflex action initiated by the golgi tendon organ tends to cause the

Muscle to relax

The pubic symphysis is an example of a

cartilaginous joint

The primary function of flat bones is

protection

Synarthrodial joints are

immoveable

Articular cartilage is composed of

hyaline cartilage