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Anatomy & Physiology > E3 Synapses > Flashcards

E3 Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of synaptic vesicles?

A

small, clear synaptic vesicles
small vesicles with a dense core
large vesicles with a dense core

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2
Q

What does the small, clear synaptic vesicles contain?

A

Acetylcholine
Glycine
GABA
Glutamate

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3
Q

What does the small vesicles with a dense core contain ?

A

Catecholamines

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4
Q

What does the large vesicles with a dense core contain?

A

Neuropeptides

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5
Q

What does an influx of calcium activate?

A
  • Synaptotagmin
  • partially assembled SNARE complex
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6
Q

What is synaptotagmin?

A

Calcium sensor

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7
Q

What targets SNAREs?

A

Bacterial neurotoxins responsible for botulism and tetanus

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8
Q

What does the synaptic terminal of the chemical synapse release?

A

Neurotransmitters

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9
Q

What do the neurotransmitters bind to?

A

postsynaptic membrane

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10
Q

What does the chemical synapse produce?

A

Temporary, localized change in permeability or function of postsynaptic

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11
Q

What does the chemical synapse changes affect?

A

Affect cell, depending on nature and number of stimulated receptors

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12
Q

How fast are the neurotransmitter responses?

A

Rapid

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13
Q

What are neurotransmitters linked to?

A

Ion channel signaling

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14
Q

What are neuromodulators linked to?

A

G proteins

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15
Q

How fast are neuromodulators?

A

Slower than neurotransmitters

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16
Q

What do neuromodulators do?

A

Alter synaptic effectiveness/strength

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17
Q

What kind of potentials are postsynaptic potentials?

A

Graded potentials developed in a postsynaptic cell

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18
Q

How are graded potentials generated in postsynaptic cell?

A

Response to neurotransmitters

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19
Q

What are the types of postsynaptic potentials?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

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20
Q

What are excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)?

A

Graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

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21
Q

What are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)?

A

Graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

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22
Q

What is effected by a neurotransmitter?

A

Postsynaptic membrane

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23
Q

What does the effect of a neurotransmitter depend on?

A

Depends on receptor, not neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Example of neurotransmitter that effects postsynaptic membrane?

A

Acetylcholine

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25
What does Acetylcholine promote?
Action potentials
26
What does Acetylcholine inhibit?
Cardiac neuromuscular junctions
27
What are the known or presumed neurotransmitters or neuromodulators?
1. Acetylcholine 2. Biogenic amines 3. Amino acids 4. Neuropeptides 5. Miscellaneous
28
what are the biogenic amines?
Catecholamine Serotonin (5-HT) Histamine
29
What are examples of catecholamines?
Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine (Epi)
30
What are examples of neuropeptides?
endogenous opioids oxytocin tachykinins
31
What is part of the miscellaneous neurotransmitters or neuromodulators?
Gases (NO) Purines (adenosine and ATP)
32
What is synaptic plasticity?
the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time
33
What does synaptic plasticity change?
increases or decreases in their activity
34
What does synaptic plasticity result from?
alteration of the number of neurotransmitter receptors located on a synapse
35
What is synaptic plasticity responsible for?
upregulation and downregulation
36
What are the mechanisms that cooperate to achieve synaptic plasticity?
- Changes in quantity of neurotransmitters released - Changes in how effectively cells respond to neurotransmitters
37
What does the synaptic plasticity of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses depend on?
postsynaptic calcium release
38
What are the presynaptic factors to determine the synaptic strength?
- Availability of neurotransmitters - Axon terminal membrane potential - Axon terminal calcium - Activation of membrane receptors on presynaptic terminal - Certain drugs and diseases, which act via the above mechanisms
39
What is also associated with the availability of neurotransmitter factor?
- availability of precursor molecules - amount or activity of the rate limiting enzymes in the pathway for neurotransmitter synthesis
40
What are the different types of membrane receptors on the presynaptic terminal?
- Axo-axonic synapses - Autoreceptors - Other receptors
41
What are autoreceptors?
When active, reduce further release of neurotransmitters
42
What are the postsynaptic factors to determine the synaptic strength?
- Immediate past history of electrical state of postsynaptic membrane - Effects of other neurotransmitters/neuromodulators acting on postsynaptic neuron - Up/down regulation and desensitization of receptors - Certain drugs and diseases
43
What is an example of immediate past history of electrical state of postsynaptic membrane?
Excitation/inhibition from temporal or spatial summation
44
T/F Distinctions between neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are not always clear
true
45
How long are the actions of the neuromodulators/neuropeptides?
prolonged actions
46
What do neuromodulators/neuropeptides do during these prolonged actions?
- Long term changes in number of neural receptors - Long term opening/closing of certain ion channels - Changes in number and sizes of synapses
47
What part of the brain deals with neuron plasticity?
Hippocampus
48
What are the types of synaptic transmitters?
- small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters - neuropeptides, slowly acting transmitters or growth factors - miscellaneous
49
What are the class 1 small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters?
acetylcholine
50
What are the class 2 small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters?
Biogenic amines
51
What are the class 3 small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters?
Amino acids
52
What are the class 4 small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters?
Dissolved gases
53
What are the neuropeptides, slowly acting transmitters or growth factors?
- Hypothalamic-releasing hormones - Pituitary peptides - Peptides that act on gut and brain - From other tissues - Purines - Lipids
54
What is part of the miscellaneous category of the synaptic transmitters?
Purines
55
What are the 2 types of amino acids that act as neurotransmitters?
Excitatory Inhibitory
56
What are the excitatory neurotransmitters?
Glutamate Aspartate
57
What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters?
- GABA (gamma-aminobutyric) - Glycine
58
What are the dissolved gasses of class 4 neurotransmitters?
- Nitric oxide - Carbon monoxide
59
What are the hypothalamic releasing hormones?
- Thyrotropic releasing hormone - Somatostatin - Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone
60
What does somatostatin target?
anterior pituitary and GI tract
61
What are luteinizing releasing hormones?
Ovulation and corpus luteum
62
What are the pituitary peptides?
- ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) - Melanocyte stimulating hormone - Prolactin - Vasopressin - Oxytocin
63
What is vasopressin?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - retains water
64
What is oxytocin?
plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth
65
What are the purines that act as neuropeptides?
- ATP, GTP - Adenosine
66
What are the lipids that act as neuropeptides?
Anandamide
67
What are anandamides derived from?
metabolism of arachidonic acid
68
What system would you find anandamides?
endogenous cannabinoid system
69
What neuropeptides act on the gut and brain?
- Substance P - Opioids (endogenous) - Gastrin - Nerve growth factor - Neuropeptide Y - Neurotensin - Insulin - Glucagon
70
What are the opioids that act on the gut and brain?
- Enkephalins - Endorphins - Dynorphin
71
What is substance P?
pain - free nerve endings
72
What is a ionotropic receptor?
form from an ion channel pore
73
What is a metabotropic receptor?
indirectly linked with ion channels on the plasma membrane of the cell through signal transduction mechanisms, often G proteins
74
What is inherently metabotropic?
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
75
What do neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a direct effect on?
Membrane ion channels
76
What are the direct effects on the membrane ion channels?
Ionotropic effect Ex. acetylcholine, glycine, aspartate
77
What do neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have an indirect effect on?
- via G proteins - via intracellular receptors and enzymes
78
What are the indirect effects via G proteins?
Metabotropic or Ionotropic Ex. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, GABA
79
What are the examples of the indirect effects via intracellular receptors and enzymes?
Lipid-soluble gases (NO, CO)

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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