Early infant feeding - Breast vs bottle week/lecture 3 Flashcards

Question

BF and obesity: milk content

Answer 1

○ Formula milk has increased protein content leading to increased weight gain due to increased insulin ○ Formula milk also has decreased leptin which leads to decreased satiety which may lead to increased intake ○ Also evidence that babies fed formula have higher insulin levels in their blood which can stimulate fat deposition (WHO, 2019)

Answer 2

○ Fundamental behavioural difference ○ Bottle and milk type: § Use of a bottle for feeding is associated with greater weight gain, irrespective of contents (i.e. formula or expressed breastmilk) □ Li et al., 2012 § % of children who in late infancy drink from a cup until empty □ 27% of those who had been exclusively BF □ 54% of those who had been. Mixed-fed (breast and bottle) □ 68% of those who had been exclusively bottle fed ® Li et al., 2010 ○ Bottle and visual cues: § Ventura and Golen (2015) □ Opaque bottles VS regular, clear bottles □ Abolishes cues about consumption to parent/caregiver ○ Effects on maternal responsiveness and consumption: § Ventura and Golen, 2015 ○ Effects of infant cues: § Ventura and Hernandez (2019)

Answer 3

§ McCroy and Layte (2012) - dose-response r-ship: □ Exclusive BF for 13-25wks = 38% reduction in obesity risk □ Exclusive BF for 26+ wks = 51% reduction § Scott et al., 2012: 2066 Australian 9-16 yr olds □ BF for 6+ months associated with decreased risk of overweight or obesity □ Controlled for maternal characteristics, level of physical activity, caloric intake, screen time, sleep duration § But others find no effects when controlling for confounding variables

Answer 4

- Differences in control of milk flow (bottle = less control = overeating) - Less control over intake

Answer 5

§ Lactating mother burns 525-625 calories per day producing milk § Predicts significantly greater weight loss - up to 12kg (Baker et al., 2008) § Less likely to suffer with weight-related health problems

Answer 6

○ Initiation and length tends to vary with social class ○ Associated with education (+), age (+), smoking (-) ○ Targeted education for high risk groups ○ Education in context: § The chance of exclusive BF til 6months was 55% less for the female children when compared to male children □ 50% less in higher SES □ 90% less in lowest SES (Angadi and Jawaregowda, 2015) § Son preference = limited BF of girl children in order to try to have a son (Jayachandran and Kuziemko, 2011) ○ Cultural pressures § National family and health survey data, 2015 (Dutta et al., 2022) □ Girls have 19% less chance of exclusive BF than boys □ Birth order and sex composition of siblings are important determinants of feeding practices ® E.g. if the last-born child is a girl, she has a 26% lower chance of being exclusively BF in a household that already has two or more daughters but if she is born in a family that has two sons then then chances of fair treatment in access to minimum dietary diversity are 16% higher ○ Empowerment of women: § Increase in exclusive BF by 42% for girls and 38% for boys (Dutta et al., 2022) ○ Inclusive support:

Answer 7

- If 45% of babies in the UK were exclusively BF for 4 months and 75% in neonatal units BF before discharge: ○ 3285 fewer babies hospitalised for gastroenteritis ○ 5916 fewer babies hospitalised with respiratory illness ○ 21405 fewer ear infections § UNICEF UK

Answer 8

- Leading cause of death amongst 0-12 months old - 2007: meta analysis of 6 studies: BF infants had lower risk of experiencing SIDS than never BF infants - 2011: meta analysis: infants who were BF any amount for at least 2 months had significantly less risk than never BF infants (Hauck et al., 2001) - Link with BF is unclear but may be related to: ○ Immunological and anti-inflammatory qualities of milk ○ Lighter sleep

Answer 9

- ADHD: Ptacek and Kuzelova (2013) ○ 200 mothers (100 ADHD, 100 non-ADHD) ○ ADHD children BF significantly shorter time (avg 2.5 mths) than non-ADHD children (avg 7.8 mths) ○ But behavioural differences in children may influence mothers behaviour and result in shorter BF duration

Answer 10

- Affects 1 in 8 mothers - Early cessation or absence of BF related to PND ○ Ip et al., 2009 ○ Direction or effect? - Prolonged feeding associated with less PND ○ Protective effect? - Evidence related to lactation itself ○ Countries where exclusive BF is norm, peaks at 9 mths post-birth ○ Countries where formula is norm, peaks at 3 mths post-birth § Labbok, 2001

Answer 11

- Osteoporosis ○ stronger bones, reduction is risk of hip fractures in later life ○ (Cumming & Klineberg, 1993) - Diabetes ○ never breastfed had 1.7x higher chance of developing Type II diabetes than those who had BF for > 2 yr over lifetime ○ (Stuebe et al., 2005) - Cardiovascular disease ○ 10-20% greater risk in those who have never BF compared to BF for 13-24 mths ○ (Schwarz et al., 2009) - Breast and ovarian cancers ○ reduced risk as BF suppresses ovulation and limits estrogen which is implicated in cell differentiation, mutations, and fuelling growth. ○ Meta-analysis of 23 studies concluded a protective effect of BF, regardless of duration (Bernier et al., 2000).

Answer 12

- To mother ○ Cost of formula milk, bottles etc not present ○ Loss of earnings?? - To employers ○ Time off work ○ Sick days - To environment ○ Reduced carbon footprint

Early infant feeding - Breast vs bottle week/lecture 3 Flashcards

(36 cards)