EARTH SCI. (Exogenic Process and Minerals) Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
________ _________ ARE PROCESSES THAT TAKE PLACE AT OR NEAR THE EARTH’S SURFACE THAT MAKES THE SURFACE WEAR AWAY.
A
EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
2
Q
_________ _________ ARE VERY DESTRUCTIVE, THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION AND SCULPTING THE EARTH’S SURFACE.
A
EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
3
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
EXOGENIC
PROCESSES ARE NOT VERY DESTRUCTIVE
A
FALSE
4
Q
TYPES OF EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
A
WEATHERING, EROSION, SEDIMENTATION, AND MASS WASTING
5
Q
The process of breaks down rocks into smaller pieces.
A
Weathering
6
Q
Happens when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces
A
Physical Weathering
7
Q
Factors that affect Physical Weathering:
A
Ice Wedging
Release of Pressure
Growth of Plants
Animal
Abrasion
8
Q
H2O seeps in rock, expands, crack rocks into smaller pieces.
A
ICE WEDGING
9
Q
Surface rock erodes, rock flakes like onion layers.
A
RELEASE OF PRESSURE
10
Q
Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart.
A
GROWTH OF PLANTS
11
Q
Burrow and push apart rock.
A
ANIMALS
12
Q
Sand and rock carried by wind, water, ice wears away surface rock when rocks collide. Most common in windy areas
A
ABRASION
13
Q
The process of breaking down rock through chemical changes.
A
Chemical Weathering
14
Q
Factors that affect Chemical Weathering:
A
WATER
OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE
LIVING ORGANISMS
ACID RAIN
15
Q
Water dissolves rock chemically.
A
WATER
16
Q
CO2 dissolves in rainwater and weathers marble and limestone.
A
CARBON DIOXIDE
17
Q
Acids from plants and roots chemically weather rock.
A
LIVING ORGANISMS
18
Q
Air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rock as acid rain.
A
ACID RAIN
19
Q
Rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rusts.
A
OXYGEN
20
Q
Refers to the disintegration or disaggregation of rocks by physically breaking them apart.
A
Physical Weathering
21
Q
Refers to the decomposition of rocks and minerals as chemical reactions alter them into new substances.
A
Chemical Weathering
22
Q
Those rock particles carried away by the wind, water, ice, and gravity.
A
Erosion
23
Q
What are the Agents of Erosion?
A
Wind
Water
Ice
Gravity
24
Q
________ by _____ changes the shape of coastlines. Waves constantly crash against shores. They pound rocks into pebbles and reduce pebbles to sand. Water sometimes takes sand away from beaches. This moves the coastline farther inland.
A
Erosion by water
25
_______ by ____ carries dust, sand, and volcanic ash from one place to another. Wind can sometimes blow sand into towering dunes.
Erosion by win
26
_______ by ___ can erode the land. In frigid areas and on some mountaintops, glaciers move slowly downhill and across the land. As they move, they pick up everything in their path, from tiny grains of sand to huge boulders.
Erosion by ice
27
________ by _______pulls any loose bits down the side of a hill or mountain.
Gravity Erosion/Erosion by Gravity
28
Better known as Mass Movement.
Gravity Erosion/Erosion by Gravity
29
TRUE OR FALSE:
Erosion by wind changes the shape of coastlines. Waves constantly crash against shores. They pound rocks into pebbles and reduce pebbles to sand. Water sometimes takes sand away from beaches. This moves the coastline farther inland.
FALSE; WATER
30
TRUE OR FALSE:
Erosion by water can erode the land. In frigid areas and on some mountaintops, glaciers move slowly downhill and across the land. As they move, they pick up everything in their path, from tiny grains of sand to huge boulders.
FALSE; ICE
31
TRUE OR FALSE:
Gravity pulls any loose bits down the side of a hill or mountain. Gravity Erosion is better known as Mass Movement.
TRUE
32
TRUE OR FALSE:
Erosion by wind carries dust, sand, and volcanic ash from one place to another. Wind can sometimes blow sand into towering dunes.
TRUE
32
TRUE OR FALSE:
Erosion by wind carries dust, sand, and volcanic ash from one place to another. Wind can sometimes blow sand into towering dunes.
TRUE
33
TRUE OR FALSE:
EROSION BEGINS WITH A PROCESS CALLED WEATHERING
TRUE
34
WEATHERING causes the rocks to breakdown while EROSION transport/moves the sediments downhill to another place.
TRUE
35
ADDIOTIONAL INFO. ABOUT WEATHERING AND ERSOSION:
Regolith
Sediments
Moving Water
People
Weathering and Erosion
36
When weathered rock remains in place and remains in its pure state.
REGOLITH
37
When weathered material is removed from the site of weathering.
SEDIMENT
38
It is the main agent of erosion.
MOVING WATER/WATER
39
Nowadays, _______ became one of the causes of erosion.
PEOPLE
40
Weathered rock material will be removed from its original site and transported away by a natural agent.
WEATHERING AND EROSION
41
It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid
SEDIMENTATION
42
_____ ______ are those areas found in the sea. They can be relatively inactive- where deposits of sediment slowly collect or active areas where tectonic plates meet.
an oceanic basin is anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater. Geologically, ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level. (Wikipedia)
Ocean Basins
43
It is the movement of rock, soil and regolith downward due to the action of gravity.
MASS WASTING
44
It is triggered by the following factors:
OVER-STEEPENED SLOPE
WATER
EARTHQUAKE
VEGETATION REMOVAL
45
Rapid movements are commonly found in steep slopes while slow movements are found on gentle slopes.
OVER-STEEPENED SLOPE
46
Rainwater adds weight and acts as a lubricant to weathered material.
WATER
47
It is a vibration and also a factor that triggers mass wasting.
EARTHQUAKE
48
The lack of vegetation cover to hold the loose particles.
VEGETATION REMOVAL
49
2 TYPE OF MATERIAL (MASS WASTING)
Debris, mud, or earth (If soil and regolith dominate) and
Rock (when a mass of bedrock break).
50
3 TYPE OF MOTION
FALL (The free fall of detached individual pieces of any size.)
SLIDE (A distinct zone of weakness separating the slide material from the more stable underlying material.)
FLOW (Occurs when material moves down slope as a viscous fluid.)
51
The free fall of detached individual pieces of any size
FALL
52
A distinct zone of weakness separating the slide material from the more stable underlying material
SLIDE
53
Occurs when material moves down slope as a viscous fluid
FLOW
54
THE 8 CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING:
Slump
Solifluction
Earthflow
Mudflow
Debris slide
Debris flow
Rock Fall
Soil Creep
55
A type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved surface.
Slump
56
__________ is the slow downhill flow of soil.
Solifluction
57
____________ a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water and moves under the pull of gravity.
Earthflow
58
It occurs when mud travels down a slope very quickly.
Mudflow
59
A ______ _____ is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of rocks, soil, and debris mixed with water and/or ice.
Debris Slide
60
A ______ ____ is a moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity.
Debris Flow
61
It occurs when pieces of rock break loose from a steep rock face or cliff.
Rock Flow
62
___ _____ is a slow, gradual movement of soil or regolith downhill over time.
Soil Creep
63
Rubble, trash, random material like large pieces of wood, metal, or plastic.
DEBRIS
64
River of flowing mud.
SLURRY
65
An incline, like slide or ramp.
SLOPE
66
Land that is close to a coast or near water or sea levels.
LOW- LYING AREA
67
TRUE OR FALSE:
We use objects that are made from minerals every day.
TRUE
68
TRUE OR FALSE:
We are actually eating a mineral when we eat food that contains salt.
TRUE
69
TRUE OR FALSE:
We are drinking from a container made from a mineral when we drink from a glass.
TRUE
70
TRUE OR FALSE:
Women even wear jewelry which is not made of minerals.
False; not
71
Scientists have identified more than _____ minerals in Earth's crust.
4,000
71
Scientists have identified more than _____ minerals in Earth's crust.
4,000
72
Some minerals are found in small amounts, but most minerals are found in large amounts.
vice versa; large amount, small amounts
73
Some minerals are found in ______ amounts, but most minerals are found in ____ amounts.
very large and
small
74
is a crystalline solid formed through natural processes.
Mineral
75
can be an element or a compound, but it has a specific chemical composition and physical properties that are different from those of other minerals.
Mineral
76
A mineral can be an element or a compound, but it has a specific _________ _________ and __________ __________ that are different from those of other minerals.
chemical composition and physical properties
77
TRUE OR FALSE:
Each one has a different chemical composition, as well as different physical properties such as crystalline structure, hardness, density, flammability, and color. For example, silver is shiny and salt is white.
TRUE
77
TRUE OR FALSE:
Each one has a different chemical composition, as well as different physical properties such as crystalline structure, hardness, density, flammability, and color. For example, silver is shiny and salt is white.
TRUE
78
Each one has a different chemical composition, as well as different physical properties such as crystalline _________, _______, ______, ___________ and _____. For example, silver is shiny and salt is white.
structure, hardness, density, flammability, and color.
79
TRUE OR FALSE:
Minerals are obtained by natural processes.
TRUE
80
TRUE OR FALSE:
One common natural process that forms minerals is the crystallization of magma.
TRUE
81
_____ and _________ are formed in sedimentary layers of sand and mud and in the folding of those layers deep in the Earth, where they are exposed to high pressures and temperatures.
Rocks and minerals
82
TRUE OR FALSE:
Rocks and minerals are formed in sedimentary layers of sand and mud and in the folding of those layers deep in the Earth, where they are exposed to low pressures and temperatures.
FALSE; high
83
TRUE OR FALSE:
Economic importance of minerals:
It provides the base for industrial development.
TRUE
84
TRUE OR FALSE:
Economic importance of minerals:
It provides raw materials for a large variety of manufacturing industries.
TRUE
85
TRUE OR FALSE:
Economic importance of minerals:
Mining does not provides jobs to millions of people.
FALSE; does not
86
TRUE OR FALSE:
Economic importance of minerals:
Transport of minerals to refining sites again provides more jobs.
TRUE
87
TRUE OR FALSE:
Economic importance of minerals:
Minerals like iron, steel and lime stone are not essential for development of infrastructural facilities.
FALSE; not
88
The USGS reported in Materials Flow and Sustainability (1998) that the number of renewable resources are decreasing; meanwhile there is an increasing demand for nonrenewable resources. Since 1900, the use of construction materials such as stone, sand, and gravel has soared.
What does USGS means?
United States Geological Survey
89
TRUE OR FALSE:
The USGS reported in Materials Flow and Sustainability (1998) that the number of renewable resources are increasing; meanwhile there is an decreasing demand for nonrenewable resources. Since 1900, the use of construction materials such as stone, sand, and gravel has soared.
False (decreasing; increasing)
90
TRUE OR FALSE:
The value increases because of the LARGE DEMAND, but the supply is decreasing. This has resulted in more efforts to drill and search other territories. The environment is being abused and this depletion of resources is one way of showing the effects.
TRUE
91
TRUE OR FALSE:
Mining still pollutes the environment, only on a larger scale.
TRUE
92
TRUE OR FALSE:
MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
Miners face many dangers while mining.
The dangers faced by the miners include collapsing of mine roofs, fires in mines and miners getting trapped after the mine gets flooded with water and so on.
TRUE
93
MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
Working in the mines, the miners are not constantly exposed to dust and poisonous fumes. They become less vulnerable to a number of diseases of the lungs.
FALSE (not* less*)
94
MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
Working in the mines, the miners are constantly exposed to dust and poisonous fumes. They become vulnerable to a number of diseases of the lungs.
TRUE
95
MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
Mining also pollutes the land where slurry is dumped.
TRUE
96
MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
The slurry flowing into neighboring streams pollutes the water resources. When the polluted water is used for irrigation, the soil gets polluted.
TRUE
97
MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
Crops grown on polluted soils pass on the pollution to humans and animals who feed on these crops.
TRUE
98
TRUE OR FALSE:
The total volume of the workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e., one per cent of the earth’s crust.
We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated.
TRUE
99
TRUE OR FALSE:
The geological processes of mineral deposits are so fast that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.
FALSE (so fast* - so slow)
100
TRUE OR FALSE:
Mineral resources need to be conserved for use by future generations as they cannot be renewed.
So we have to use them in a sustainable manner so that these minerals last for a long period.
TRUE
101
CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner.
TRUE
102
CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes.
TRUE
103
CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.
TRUE
104
CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
THE 3R'S
RECYCLE, REUSE, AND REUSE
105
CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
Wastage needs to be maximized specially in the areas of mining and manufacturing.
FALSE; minimize
106
CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
Burden on minerals can be reduced by substituting them with renewable resources.
TRUE
107
TRUE OR FALSE:
Minerals does not play a vital role in our everyday life.
FALSE- does not*
108
TRUE OR FALSE:
Their occurrence (minerals) in a particular region is a great help in industrial development of the region.
TRUE
