earth science 12

Question 1

what is uniformitarianism who made it?

Answer 1

the idea that the physical chemical and biological laws that operate today also did in the past. James Hutton

Question 2

what is the absolute age of earth(evolutionists)

Answer 2

4.5billion years

Question 3

what is relative dating

Answer 3

the method in which scientists use to place rocks in chronological order to

Question 4

what is the law of superposition

Answer 4

*it states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks each layer is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it.

Question 5

principle of cross cutting relationships

Answer 5

states that a fault or intrusion must be younger than any geologic formation through which it cuts.

Question 5

principle of original horizontally

Answer 5

states that sediment is generally deposited in flat horizontal layers.

Question 6

what is unconformities

Answer 6

it is when a surface represented a break in the rock record. Nowhere is earths rock record complete.

Question 7

what are the three types of unconformites

Answer 7

angular unconformity, disconformity, and nonconformity are

Question 8

angular unconformity

Answer 8

layers of sedimentary rock form over older sedimentary rock layers that are tilted or folded.

Question 9

disconformity

Answer 9

it is when two sedimentary rock layers are separated by an erosional surface.

Question 10

nonconformity

Answer 10

in a nonconformity an erosional surface separates older metamorphic or igneous rocks from younger sedimentary rocks.

Question 11

what are inclusions

Answer 11

inclusions are pieces of an older rock unit found within a younger rock unit.

Question 12

what are the different types of fossils

Answer 12

petrified fossils, molds and casts, compression fossils, impression fossils, unaltered fossils, unaltered remains and trace fossils.

Question 12

what is a correlation?

Answer 12

the process of matching rock layers at different locations that formed at the same time and by the same processes.

Question 13

what are the two ways for fossils to be preserved

Answer 13

the body of the organism must be protected from scavengers, and it must have hard parts like bones shells teeth or plants with wood. fast burial is also another thing.

Question 14

petrified fossils

Answer 14

fossils that have been turned into rock and minerals

Question 15

what are molds and casts

Answer 15

molds- form when seashells or other hard parts fall into soft mud or beach sand and compaction and sedimentation happen and molds form.
casts- are created if the hollow spaces of a mold are later filled with minerals.

Question 16

what are compression fossils

Answer 16

two dimensional organic remains. they form when pressure squeezes out liquids and gases from a buried organism.

Question 17

what are impression fossils

Answer 17

two dimensional. they dont contain organic matter.

Question 18

what are unaltered remains

Answer 18

when they are perfectley fossilized with little change.

Question 19

what are trace fossils

Answer 19

trace fossils are indirect evidence of prehestoric life. they show that animals must have been their before.

Question 20

what is the fossil record

Answer 20

all the fossils that geologists have found and arranged by their relative ages.

Question 21

what is fossil succesion

Answer 21

states that fossil organisms tend to be found in the same general order at different locations.

Question 22

what are index fossils

Answer 22

fossils that are from a species that existed on earth for short periods of time and were widespread geographically. they are best type of fossils for correlation.

Question 22

fossils and correlation

Answer 22

it is used to correlate rock layers based on fossils they contain

Question 23

what is fossils and past environment

Answer 23

fossils can help build detailed pictures of the past environments.

Question 24

what is fossils and evolution

Answer 24

according to evolution the fossil record reveals older rocks (deeper in rock layer) contain fossils of simpler organisms younger rocks (closer to the surface) contain more complex organisms.

Question 25

what is ecological zonation

Answer 25

certain organisms live in certain locations

Question 26

what is absolute dating

Answer 26

a method used by geologists to determine the age in years of a rock or other object

Question 27

what is radioactive decay

Answer 27

is when an unstable nucleus spontaneously breaks apart or decays.

Question 28

what is beta decay

Answer 28

beta decay occurs when an atom of an unstable isotope decays. one of its neutrons breaks down into a proton and an electron. the electron leaves the atom as a beta particle the nucleus loses a neutron but gains a proton resulting in a new element

Question 29

what is the atoms made of

Answer 29

has a nucleus made up of protons and neutrons and that the number of neutrons in the atoms of a given element can vary. Different forms of an element are called isotopes.

Question 30

what is alpha decay

Answer 30

alpha decay is when the isotopes gives off two protons and two neutrons in the form of an alpha particle.

Question 31

what is a half life

Answer 31

half life of an isotope is the time it takes for half of the unstable atoms in the isotope to decay into stable isotopes.

Question 32

what is radiometric dating

Answer 32

a method of calculating the absolute ages of rocks and minerals that contian certain radioactive isotopes.

Question 33

second probelm with radioactive dating

Answer 33

rocks in earth may have been created with apperent age . so maybe when God created rocks he made them old like how when adam was made he was already an adult

Question 33

what is the first problem with Absolute dating

Answer 33

earth may have changed its rate of radioactive decay.

Question 34

third problem for absolute dating

Answer 34

individual fossils of one age are buried over milions of years of sediment. this is impossible because it would have rotted before they were fossilized

Question 35

the fourth and last problem of radioactive decay

Answer 35

examples of major errors in age dating of rocks. rocks said to be 3 billion years old while they were only 200

Question 36

dating with carbon-14 radiocarbon dating

Answer 36

to date organic materials carbon 14 is used in a method called radiocarbon dating. organic materials are substances that contain carbon and comes from living things. when an organism dies the amount of carbon 14 gradually decreasesas the carbon 14 to carbon 12 in a sample radiocarbon dates can be determines.

Question 37

radiometric dating of sedimentary rock

Answer 37

to determine the age of sedimentary rock geologists must relate the sedimentary rock to datable masses of igneous rock.

Question 38

what is the geologic time scale

Answer 38

it is a record that includes both geologic events and major developments in the evolution of life.

Question 39

what are the four major eons

Answer 39

phanerozoic proterozoic archean and hadean eons

Question 40

there are three eras in phapnerozoic eon

Answer 40

paleozoic mesozoic and cenozoic era

Question 41

what are periods

Answer 41

periods subdivide eras

Question 42

what are epochs

Answer 42

they divide the quaternary and tertiary periods.

Question 43

what is the precambrian era

Answer 43

the longest era which take up 88% of the earths history. up until 544 million years ago

Question 44

what was the first experimental flaw

Answer 44

that started with purified materials while in nature there is a lot of impurities

Question 45

second flaw

Answer 45

they used only safer wavelengths of ultraviolet radioation.

Question 46

third flaw

Answer 46

they removed the newly formed amino acids from experiment for protecton. in primitave conditions the amino acid would breakd own quickly.

Question 47

what was darwins natural selection

Answer 47

the process b which organissm with raits that are suite to a certain environment have a better chance of surival than organisms whos traits are not suited to it.