EARTH SCIENCE Flashcards
1
Q
Gods and Goddesses created universe.
A
Greek Mythology
2
Q
Bible
A
Creation
3
Q
The universe was created to reveal the love and mercy of God. Life forms were created.
A
Theory of Creationism
4
Q
Believed that there was a supreme being who created the universe
A
Monotheistic Religions
5
Q
Believed that there are many Gods and the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun.
A
Ancient Egyptians
6
Q
Story about the creator god Mbombo or Bumba.
A
Central Africa
7
Q
Claims that it has no beginning or ending
A
Steady State Theory
7
Q
Same appearance over time and still expanding
A
Steady State Theory
8
Q
Matter is continuously created to form cosmic or celestial bodies
A
Steady State Theory
9
Q
13.7 billion years – approximate age of universe
A
Big Bang Theory
9
Q
Explosion/expanded
A
Big Bang Theory
9
Q
Infinitely hot and dense point
A
Big Bang Theory
10
Q
Universe is infinite
A
Big Bang Theory
11
Q
Albert Einstein- universe is infinite and a 4-dimensional sphere
A
Big Bang Theory
12
Q
- Much of the mass of the solar system is concentrated at the center and the angular momentum by the other planets
A
Large Scale Solar System
13
Q
- All planets are located at regular intervals from the sun
A
Large Scale Solar System
14
Q
- All planets revolve around the sun
A
Large Scale Solar System
15
Q
- As the distance of the planets from the sun increases, the period of revolution increases too
A
Large Scale Solar System
16
Q
- Innermost move faster, outermost most slower
A
Large Scale Solar System
17
Q
- planets rotate prograde
A
Small Scale Solar System
18
Q
- innermost planets are composed of materials that have higher melting points like silicates, iron, and nickel.
A
Small Scale Solar System
19
Q
- Outer planets are called “Gas Giants” because of the dominance of gas and their larger size
A
Small Scale Solar System
20
Q
- Smaller planets rotate slower due to thin or no atmosphere, higher densities, low content of volatiles, H, He, and noble gases.
A
Small Scale Solar System
21
Q
- Outer planets move faster due to thick atmosphere, low densities, and fluid interiors rich in H, He, and ices (H2O, ammonia, methane).
A
Small Scale Solar System
22
- Earth’s interacting, physical, chemical, and biological processes.
Earth Systems
23
o Air. Gaseous part of Earth
Atmosphere
24
o Rock and solid surface
Lithosphere
25
o Liquid part of the Earth
Hydrosphere
26
o All living forms
Biosphere
27
- Naturally occurring on the Earth
- Inorganic solids with orderly crystalline pattern building blocks or rocks
Minerals
28
– quality and intensity of light reflected by the minerals
Metallic – glossy
Non-metallic – opaque
Luster
29
– over-all shape and growth pattern
Habit
30
– tendency of minerals to break smoothly or parallel
Cleavage
31
– tendency of minerals to break irregularly
Fracture
32
– color of the mineral
Color
33
– color of the mineral powder
Streak
34
– resistancy of the mineral from scratching
Diamond – hardest mineral
Talc – softest mineral
Hardness
35
– ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of the equal volume of water.
Specific Gravity
36
– Silicon and Oxygen
Silicates
37
– Sulfur combined with one or more ion
Sulfides
38
– Carbon and Oxygen
Carbonate
39
– Halogen combined with one or more ion
Halides
40
– Sulfur and Oxygen
Sulfates
41
– minerals that form as one element
Native Elements
42
– derived from cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Usually hard and crystalline
Igneous Rocks
43
- Fast rate of cooling due to variance of Earth’s temperature and underneath. (granite, diorite, gabbro)
Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous Rocks
44
- From solidified lava at or near the surface of the Earth. (rhyolite, andesite, basalt)
Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous Rocks
45
* Consists of very small crystals formed through rapid cooling.
Fine-grained Igneous Rocks
46
* Consists of large crystals and likely formed far below
Coarse-grained Igneous Rocks
47
* Consists of large crystals embedded on a group of smaller crystals
Prophyritic Igneous Rocks
48
* When a molten rock is ejected by a volcano causing the lava to cool instantly
Glassy Igneous Rocks
49
rocks that are formed at or near Earth’s surface.
Sedimentary Rocks
50
formed below the surface of the Earth through metamorphism
Metamorphic Rocks
51
- Metallic and non-metallic
- Can be classified according to the mechanism responsible for the concentration of the valuable substance
Mineral Deposits
52
o Concentrated within the igneous body through crystal fractionation, partial melting, and crystal settling
Magmatic Ore Deposits
53
o Concentrated by hot aqueous fluids
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
54
o Concentrated by chemical precipitation coming from seawater or lakes
Sedimentary Ore Deposits
55
o Concentrated through gravity separation during sedimentary processes
Placer Ore Deposits
56
o Accumulation through chemical weathering processes.
Residual Ore Deposits
57
– to extract ore minerals that are close to Earth’s surface. Different types include open pit mining, quarrying, placer mining, and strip mining.
Surface Mining
58
– to extract ore minerals from the ore body that is deep under the Earth’s surface.
Underground Mining
59
- The materials extracted are rocks composed of both ore and waste material. The extracted rocks will undergo process of separation
The Milling Process
60
– first stage of controlled size reduction followed by grinding where the rocks are pulverized
Crushing and Screening
61
– crushed rocks are submerged in liquid where the heavier materials sink
Heavy Media Separation
62
– if it is magnetic, it will be separated from the waste material using a powerful magnet
Magnetic Separation
63
– placed into an agitated and frothy slurry where some minerals and metals based on physical and chemical properties may either sink to the bottom or may stick to the bubbles and rise to the top
Flotation
64
- used for low-grade ore where the crushed rock is placed on a "leach pile" where cyanide solution is sprayed or dripped on top of the pile
Cyanide Heap Leaching
65
flooding, erosion, subsidence, air and water pollution, damage to wildlife and habitat
Impacts of Improper Mining
66
- topsoil replacement
- reintroduction of flora and fauna
- neutralizing acidic waters
- backfilling and sealing of abandoned underground mines
- stabilizing the slope of impacted area to reduce erosion
Measures to mitigate harmful effects of irresponsible mining
67
The rate or their formation is so slow that none could be formed over the course of human history. They are finite, and once extracted, depletion may follow
Non-renewable Energy Resources
68
- formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms
- the age of the organisms and the resulting resources is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 500 million years.
- contain high percentage of carbon
Fossil Fuels
69
- started forming 350 million years ago through the transformation of organic plant matter
- a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occuring in rock strata
Coal
70
86-98% pure Carbon and 8-3% volatile matter. It is an excellent fuel that is still used to heat homes.
Anthracite
71
70-86% Carbon and 46-31% volatile matter. It is used to make coke, used in metallurgy
Bituminous Coal
72
70-76% Carbon and 53-42% volatile matter. It is burned in industrial boilers
Sub-bituminous Coal
73
65-70% Carbon and 63-53% volatile matter. A low-grade fuel with high moisture content that is used in industrial boilers.
Lignite
74
consist of partially decomposed vegetation. It isn't coal, it has a carbon content of less than 60% and is composed entirely of volatile matter.
Peat
75
formed from the remains of marine animals and plants that lived millions of years ago
Oil
76
formed from fossil remains. It is formed when the layers of decomposing organic material are exposed to higher temperatures and pressures generated within Earth.
Natural Gas
77
Although the energy itself is considered renewable source, the material source used in nuclear power plant is not
Nuclear Energy
78
energy generated from natural resources and can be replenished faster than fossil fuels and have lower environmental impact
Renewable Energy Resources
79
biological plant and animal material was used as fuel for the generation of electricity, fuel, and heat.
Biomass
80
power obtained from converting the kinetic energy of fast moving water into electricity
Hydroelectric Power
81
the converted energy derived from the sun
Solar Power
82
the energy harnessed from the flow of the air
Wind Energy
83
energy harnessed from the heat coming from Earth
Geothermal Energy
84
the leading renewable energy
Hydropower
85
creates a large waterfall and stores enough water to supply the plant at all time. It also helps producing and storing energy, as well as helps to regulate flooding
Dam
86
channels water from its natural environment to supply the dam reservoir.
Penstock
87
that houses the turbines driven by the waterfall and the generator driven by the turbines
Powerhouse
88
- run-of-river plants
- off-steam plants
- pumped storage power plants
Types of Hydropower Plant
89
separates the solids from the liquids. Solids are trapped in the screen while water flows through
Filtration
90
allows solid particles to settle at the bottom
Sedimentation
91
uses microorganisms to feed on organic contaminants
Activated Sludge
92
the process of adding chlorine to prevent water-borne diseases
Chlorination
93
uses UV light to disinfect and destroy bad organisms and stops their reproduction
Use of UV light
94
a process where liquid aluminum is mixed with raw water
Coagulation
95
The development of various kinds of machines following the industrial revolution resulted in major changes in the way agriculture is done.
Applied Technology
96
Farming can degrade the top soil and lead to an increase in erosion.
Agricultural Depletion
97
Grazing animals can remove large amounts of plant covers for an area. If too many animals graze the same land, once the tips of grasses and shrubs have been eaten, they will use their hooves to pull plants out by their roots.
Overgrazing Animals
98
one of the most important barriers to erosion is plant life, as long-lived trees and other species put down roots that literally help hold the soil together
Deforestation
99
Many mining techniques involve shifting large amounts of earth, such as strip mining or mountain top removal
Mining Operations
100
Construction of building often begins by clearing the area of any plants or other natural defenses against soil erosion
Development and Expansion
101
Humans also cause erosion through recreational activities, like hiking, and riding off-road vehicles. The area develops bare spots where no plants can grow.
Recreational Activities
102
organic matter develops soil structure, improves water and nutrient- holding capacity of soil, and protects the soil.
enhance organic matter content of soils
103
tilling helps in loosening surface soils, but too much off it can break up soil structure and speed up decomposition and loss of organic matter
avoid excessive tillage
104
pesticides are deemed necessary, make sure to follow user instruction
Apply proper pest management
105
Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together and there is reduced pore spaced between soil particles. It has a reduced rate of water infiltration and drainage
prevent soil compaction
106
Bare soils are susceptible to wind, water, and other agents of erosion, so it is best to cover open soils with dried leaves or crop residue, collectively referred to as "mulch"
Maintain ground cover
107
waste released from manufacturing plants, such as chemical plants, cement production, textile industries, metallurgical plants, etc.
Industrial Waste
108
a liquid that has dissolved or entrained environmentally harmful substance
Leachate
109
a source of hazardous elements, such as mercury, cadmium, PVC, solvents, acids, and lead
Electronic Waste
110
excessive richness of nutrients can cause algal blooms, which can be detrimental to animal life due to lack of oxygen
Eutrophication
111
pollution of water by silt or clay. It can have negative impacts on flora and fauna. It can cause smothering of filter feeders, as well as an increase in the turbidity of waters
Siltation
112
excess use of fertilizers and pesticides. excess excrement from poultry and other livestock can cause eutrophication of bodies of water
Agricultural Waste
113
waste generated from the exploitation of mineral resources
Mining Waste
114
ground that is removed to extract the mineral deposit
Overburden Material
115
water that has come to contact with oxidized rock or overburden that contains sulphide material
Acid Mine Drainage
116
waste generated by hospitals and health care institutions
Biomedical Waste
