Earth Science-2

Question 1

Geologic process of Earth describe the natural forces that influence the shape and structure of the planet.

Answer 1

Geologic Process of the Earth

Question 2

formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth.

Answer 2

Endogenic Process –

Question 3

– forces within the earth that cause the ground to move

Answer 3

Endogenic Forces

Question 4

– when the land is shaped by endogenic forces

Answer 4

Endogenic Processes

Question 5

The Main Endogenic Process

Answer 5

Folding and faulting

Question 6

– two forces push towards each other from the opposite sides

Answer 6

Folding

Question 7

– fracturing and displacement of more brittle rock strata along a fault plane

Answer 7

Faulting

Question 8

Types of Faulting

Answer 8

Normal fault (convergence)
Reverse fault (divergence)
Tear fault (transform)

Question 9

Other endogenic (subsequent)

Answer 9

Other Endogenic Subsequent
Volcanism (volcanic activity)
Metamorphism
Earthquake (seismic activity)

Question 10

– volcanism or magmatism (also known as volcanic activity or igneous activity)
Two types of volcanism:

Answer 10

Volcanism

Question 11

when magma is forced into the rocks that make up the earth’s crust

Answer 11

Intrusive Volcanism

Question 12

– are the result of magma coming from deep within the earth to surface

Answer 12

Extrusive Volcanism

Question 13

Result of volcanism – igneous rock

Answer 13

Andesite
Granite
Pumice

Question 14

an endogenic process which occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to geologic structures which leads to metamorphic rock

Answer 14

Metamorphism –

Question 15

Result of metamorphism
Slate
Marble
Amphibolite

Answer 15

Slate
Marble
Amphibolite

Question 16

– seismic activity is an sudden shaking or vibration in the earth’s crust

Answer 16

Earthquakes

Question 17

– activities or phenomena occur on the earth’s surface

Answer 17

Exogenic process

Question 18

–process that breaks down rock in to smaller pieces

Answer 18

Weathering

Question 19

happens when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces

Answer 19

Physical weathering

Question 20

Factors that affect physical weathering

Answer 20

Iced wedging
Release of pressure
Growth of plants
Animals
Abrasion

Question 21

– process of breaking down through chemical changes

Answer 21

Chemical weathering

Question 22

Factors that affect chemical weathering

Answer 22

Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Living organisms
Acid rain

Question 23

– rock particles carried away by wind, water, ice, & gravity

Answer 23

Erosion

Question 24

– changes the shape of coastline

Answer 24

Erosion by water

Question 25

– can erode the land

Answer 25

Erosion by ice

Question 26

– carries dust, sand, and volcanic ash from one place to another

Answer 26

Erosion by wind

Question 27

– pulls any loose bits down the side of the hill or mountain

Answer 27

Erosion by gravity

Question 28

– natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid

Answer 28

Sedimentation

Question 29

– is the movement of rock, soil, and downward due to the action of gravity

Answer 29

Mass wasting

Question 30

Factors that triggered mass wasting

Answer 30

Over-steepened slope Water Earthquake Vegetation removal

Question 31

– in 1956, observed and presupposed that shapes of continents on both sides of the atlantic ocean seem to connect to each other

Answer 31

Abraham Ortelius

Question 32

– 1912, geophysicist developed and hypothesized the continental drift theory

Answer 32

Alfred Wegener

Question 33

– proposed the existence of Tethys sea, the only recognized body of water

Answer 33

Eduard Suess

Question 34

– massive land mass

Answer 34

Pangaea

Question 35

Two giant continents:

Answer 35

Laurasia and Gondwanaland

Question 36

– a genus extinct of seed ferns

Answer 36

Glossopteris

Question 37

Tillites – glacial deposits from rock strata in areas that were once covered with snow

Answer 37

Tillites

Question 38

– fossil fuel originated from the chemically altered remains of prehistoric vegetation

Answer 38

Coal

Question 39

Evidences to support the continental drift theory:

Answer 39

•Similarity of fossils found in different continents Presence of tillites in areas whose present climates do not suggest •glacial formation •Presence of coal in polar regions •Continuity of rock layers found in different continents •Similarity of rock types in different continents

Question 40

7 continents

Answer 40

: Russia Asia South America North America Africa Australia Antarctica

Question 41

– birth of plate tectonic theory

Answer 41

1940

Question 42

– suggested that the idea of mantle convection as the driving force for the movement of continents

Answer 42

Arthur Holmes

Question 43

as a substance is heated, its density decreases and rises to the surface until it cools and sank again

Answer 43

Thermal Convection

Question 44

– to specify that heat is actually radiating from the mantle

Answer 44

Mantle Convection

Question 45

: Oceanic lithosphere: Continental lithosphere:

Answer 45

ocean & seas land

Question 46

7 Major Plates

Answer 46

Pacific plate Eurasian plate North American plate South American plate Indo-Australian plate Antarctic plate African plate

Question 47

where plates meet

Answer 47

Convergent –

Question 48

moves away from each other

Answer 48

Divergent –

Question 49

slides past each other

Answer 49

Transform –

Question 50

Movement of plates results in crustal deformation (folding & faulting)

Answer 50

Crustal Deformation

Question 51

Folding – resulting from the compression of rock Faulting – forms cracks or fractures on the rocks Compressional stress – cause two rocks to squeeze Example: himalayan mountains Tensional stress – a rock pulled apart Example: mid atlantic ridge, great african rift valley Shear stress – deformation of a material by slippage along place Example: small ponds, deep trench, sea floor

Answer 51

Folding

Question 52

– forms cracks or fractures on the rocks

Answer 52

Faulting

Question 53

– cause two rocks to squeeze Example: himalayan mountains

Answer 53

Compressional stress

Question 54

– a rock pulled apart Example: mid atlantic ridge, great african rift valley

Answer 54

Tensional stress

Question 55

deformation of a material by slippage along place Example: small ponds, deep trench, sea floor

Answer 55

Shear stress