Earth Science Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
the origin of development of the universe
A
COSMOLOGY
2
Q
is all the space and time and their contents including planet, stars, galaxies and all other forms of energy & matter
A
UNIVERSE
3
Q
universus; whole, entire, all together or turned into one
A
UNIVERSE
4
Q
originated from CENTRAL AFRICA
A
BIG BUMBA THEORY
5
Q
One day Bumba, in pain from a stomach ache, vomited up the sun. The sun dried up some water leaving the land. Still in pain, Bumba vomited up the moon, stars, animals and finally, man.
A
BIG BUMBA THEORY
6
Q
established by Aristotle
A
GEOCENTRISM
7
Q
Earth is the center of universe
A
GEOCENTRISM
8
Q
Opposed by Nicolas Copernicus with his HELIOCENTRISM (sun is the center)
A
GEOCENTRISM
9
Q
George Lemaitre, Belgian pries, first suggested this theory
A
BIG BANG THEORY
10
Q
the leading explanation about how the universe began
A
BIG BANG THEORY
11
Q
universe started with a singularity then inflated over the next 13.8 billion years
A
BIG BANG THEORY
12
Q
can be compared to the Doppler effect
A
REDSHIFT
13
Q
happens when light from an object is increased in wavelength
A
REDSHIFT
14
Q
proposed by Pierre-Simon Laplace
A
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
15
Q
rotating gaseous cloud (NEBULA) that cools and contracts in the middle to form the sun and the rest that becomes a planet
A
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
16
Q
interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and ionized gases
A
NEBULA
17
Q
Rogue star passes to the sun. From there, gas is remove from both the sun and rogue star.
A
ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
18
Q
the gas removed from the two stars contracts and formed
the planets
A
ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
19
Q
the position of the Earth is not too hot and not too cold; has the perfect position to support life
A
Goldilock Zone (Habitable Zone)
20
Q
Goldilock Zone (Habitable Zone)
A
Venus is the hottest planet and not Mercury because it has an atmosphere that traps heat energy
21
Q
an excellent solvent capable of dissolving many substances
A
Liquid Water
22
Q
protects Earth by providing oxygen
A
Atmosphere
23
Q
maintains the temperature and gases necessary for our survival
A
Atmosphere
24
Q
Earth has the right density to keep its atmosphere – if lighter, the atmosphere could have escaped
A
Atmosphere
25
protection from the solar wind from the sun
Magnetic Field
26
protects us from solar flare
Magnetic Field
27
outer core consist of iron and nickel that has charged particles. When the earth is rotating, it produces _____
Magnetic Field
28
charged particles coming from the sun that consist mostly of electrons, protons, and alpha particles with thermal energy
solar wind
29
the right length of night and day made the evolution of species possible
Time of Evolution
30
Earth has the perfect position for species to evolve
Time of Evolution
31
set of bodies that are interacting
System
32
CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH THAT SUPPORTS LIFE
Goldilock Zone (Habitable Zone)
Liquid Water
Atmosphere
Magnetic Field
Time of Evolution
33
allows both matter and energy into them (Ex. Boiling water without a lid where heat escapes into the air, Photosynthesis)
Open System
34
allows matter and energy inside (Ex. Pressure cooker where steam is not allowed to escape, Respiration)
Closed System
35
gases that surrounds earth’s surface
Atmosphere
36
provides air to breathe
Atmosphere
37
composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon and trace amounts of other gases
Atmosphere
38
typhoon, clouds, low pressure and high pressure area, private areas
Troposphere
39
airplanes
Stratosphere
40
coldest, Ozone layer (composed of O3 gases – ozone gas),
Mesosphere
41
meteors burned here (more gases compared to thermosphere)
Mesosphere
42
hottest
Thermosphere
43
outermost layer
Exosphere
44
mostly solid part of the Earth
Lithosphere
45
rocks and soil on Earth’s surface and ocean floor
Lithosphere
46
includes the rocks of crust, upper mantle
Lithosphere
47
change in velocity
Discontinuity
48
between crust and mantle
Mohorovicic discontinuity
49
between mantle and outer core
Gutenberg discontinuity
50
Hydrosphere
Earth’s water, except in gaseous form
51
Earth’s water, except in gaseous form
Hydrosphere
52
ocean, lakes, glaciers, polar ice sheets, etc.
Hydrosphere
53
70% liquid water; 30% fresh water
Hydrosphere
54
Biosphere
set of all life forms
| covers all ecosystems
55
Some are in form of CRYSTAL
Minerals
56
Building blocks of rocks
Minerals
57
has Definite shape
Minerals
58
(transparent minerals with 3d structure)
CRYSTAL
59
Usually pretty
Minerals
60
Pure/have specific composition
Minerals
61
Have no fossil (except Amber-organic mineral)
Minerals
62
Aggregate of one or more minerals
Rocks
63
More than one mineral (Ijolite)
Rocks
64
No definite shape
Rocks
65
Some are cheap and used to build infrastructures.
Rocks
66
Some have fossils
Rocks
67
Doesn’t demonstrate crystallinity
Mineraloids
68
Contains Silicon and Oxygen
Silicates
69
Oxygen-bearing compounds
Oxides
70
Contains Sulfur and Oxygen
Sulfate
71
Sulfur-bearing compounds
Sulfide
72
Contains Carbon and Oxygen
Carbonate
73
Contains Halogen Elements
Halide
74
A glow within; Intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral
Luster
75
having the look of polished metals
Metallic Luster
76
vitreous (glassy), Adamantine (brilliant/diamond-like), pearly, etc.
Non-Metallic Luster
77
Measures the resistance of mineral to abrasion
Hardness
78
polishes minerals to shape
Bruting
79
softest mineral
Talc
80
hardest mineral (black)
Diamond
81
quality such as red, blue, green, etc. (solid form)
Color
82
color of the mineral in powdered form
Streak
83
The external shape of a crystal or groups of crystal
Crystal Form/Habit
84
Crystal Forms
Prismatic (prism)
- Cubic (cube)
- Bladed (flat, sharp)
- Octahedron (two pyramids base-to-base)
- Globular (Grape-like)
- Amorphous (no definite shape
85
broken surfaces that are irregular or non-planar.
Fracture
86
it is the property of mineral to break along parallel repetitive planes of weakness to form smooth flat surface.
Cleavage
87
It is the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water. (density)
Specific Gravity
88
made up of fragments
Clastic
89
action of water flow, wind that remove the rock, soil, or dissolved materials
Erosion
90
composed of layers / striation
Foliation
91
study of minerals
Mineralogy
92
breaking down of rocks
Weathering
93
Came from the Latin word “ignis” which means fire.
Igneous Rocks
94
These are rocks that cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
Igneous Rocks
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800 – 1200 degree Celsius
Igneous Rocks
96
form when magma solidifies inside the volcano.
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
97
form when lava solidifies outside the volcano.
Extrusive Igrneous Rocks
98
Formed below the surface of the earth
Metamorphic Rocks
99
Formed below the surface of the earth
Metamorphic Rocks
100
These rocks were formed due to changes in pressure & temperature
Metamorphic Rocks
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200 – 800 degree Celsius
Metamorphic Rocks
102
Have layers or banded appearance
Foliated
103
Do not have layer or banded appearance.
Non-Foliated
104
Even distribution of pressure
Foliated
105
Uneven distribution of pressure
Non-Foliated
106
These rocks formed near the surface of the Earth.
Sedimentary Rocks
107
Common sediments feature fossils
Sedimentary Rocks
108
Formed by means of pressure
Sedimentary Rocks
109
process in forming sedimentary rocks
Weathering of Sediments >Erosion >Deposition >Compaction >Cementation
110
sedimentary rocks made up of pieces of other rocks.
Clastic
111
formed from organic processes that involve living organisms producing the sediments.
Biochemical
112
formed when minerals begin to precipitate out of the solution and deposit at the base of a water body.
Chemical
113
is a sequential process of information gathering that assesses the mineral potential of a given area.
MINERAL EXPLORATION
114
is a way to do mineral exploration. It uses a high-speed rotating drill and the open end bit cuts a core of sample and allows it to be retrieved for logging and analysis.
CORE DRILLING
115
is a natural aggregation of one or more minerals that can be mined, processed, and sold at a profit.
MINERAL ORE
116
is utilized to extract ore minerals which are close to Earth’s surface.
SURFACE MINING
117
Types of surface mining
open-pit mining, quarrying, placer mining, and strip mining.
118
an excavation or cut made at the surface
of the ground for the purpose of extracting
ore and which is open to the surface for the duration of the mine’s life.
OPEN PIT MINING
119
is the process of removing rock, gravel, or other minerals for construction purposes.
QUARRYING
120
ancient method of using water to excavate, transport, concentrate, and recover heavy minerals from alluvial
PLACER MINING
121
a method obtaining substances such as coal from ground that involves the top layer of soil instead of digging deep holes underground.
STRIP MINING
122
utilized to extract ore minerals from the ore body that is deep under the Earth’s surface.
UNDERGROUND MINING
123
TYPES OF MILLING PROCESSES
Magnetic Separation
Flotation
Cyanide Heap Leaching
124
if the metal or mineral is magnetic, the crushed ore is separated from the waste materials using a powerful magnet.
MAGNETIC SEPARATION
125
one of the commonest methods of extracting valuable minerals from ores.
FLOTATION
126
The powdered ore is placed in foamy mixture and metal (based on its properties), may either sink or stick to the bubbles and rise separating from the waste.
FLOTATION
127
used in low-grade gold ores
CYANIDE HEAP LEACHING
128
crushed ores are sprayed with cyanide solution, and as the solution goes down through the ores, the gold is dissolved into the solution. The solution is further processed to extract the gold.
CYANIDE HEAP LEACHING
129
comes from sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes – or even in many, many lifetimes.
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
130
is another fossil fuel that is trapped underground in reservoirs. It is mostly made up of methane, which smells like rotten eggs
NATURAL GAS
131
These energy sources renew, or replenish themselves.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
132
is the heat derived from the Earth’s surface to generate clean, renewable energy.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
133
an energy made by flowing water.
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
134
it is any material that comes from plants of microorganisms that were recently living.
BIOMASS/ BIOFUEL ENERGY
135
Oldest type of geothermal power plant
DRY STEAM GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
136
They draw the steam directly through a turbine.
DRY STEAM GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANt
137
Steam is obtained by drilling between seven to ten thousand feet deep into the Earth’s crust.
DRY STEAM GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
138
Extremely hot water is rapidly depressurized or “flashed” into steam.
FLASH STEAM GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
139
is used when the water in a reservoir is not hot enough to transform into steam.
BINARY GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
140
It heats a second liquid, ISOBUTANE, in a closed second loop. The isobutene boils at a lower temperature, and its steam runs the turbine.
BINARY GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
141
Electricity produced by movement of water.
Hydroelectric Energy
142
The water travels through a large pipe, called penstock.The force of the water spins a turbine which is connected to a generator.
-Inside the generator, the shaft spins coils of copper wire inside a ring of magnets. This creates an electric filed, producing electricity. Water flows out of the turbine into downstream river
steps in hydrolytic powerplant
143
remains of plants and animals decayed and built up in thick layers, sometimes mixed with sand and rock.
NATURAL GAS AND NATURAL OIL-
144
is a combustible black or brownish-black organic rock formed from ancient vegetation
COAL
145
renewable energy source from living or recently living plant and animal materials which can be used as fuel
Biomass/Biofuel
146
is an international treaty which extends the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific concensus that globally arming is occurring and it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. This was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on December 11, 1997.
KYOTO PROTOCOL
