Gen Bio Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
THE CELL THEORY
A
- Cell is the basic unit of life.
- All living organisms are made up of cells.
- All cells come from pre existing cells.
2
Q
Uses visible light
A
Light Microscopy
3
Q
Lenses refract the light in a
way that the image is
magnified
A
Light Microscopy
4
Q
Stained and unstained
samples
A
Brightfield
5
Q
Variation in density
A
Phase-Contrast
6
Q
Same as in phase-contrast but
3D and monotonous
A
Differential-Interference-
Contrast
7
Q
Absorbs UV radiation and
emits visible light
A
Fluorescence
8
Q
Difference in color for different
organelles
A
Fluorescence
9
Q
Uses laser light to scan dyed
samples
A
Confocal
10
Q
3D images at high resolutions
A
Confocal
11
Q
Uses beams of electrons
A
Electron Microscopy
12
Q
Topography of a specimen
A
Scanning Electron
Microscope
13
Q
3D, usually used in physical
and medical science
A
Scanning Electron
Microscope
14
Q
Internal structure of the cells
A
Transmission Electron
Microscope
15
Q
Thin section of a specimen
A
Transmission Electron
Microscope
16
Q
Used in cell biology and
medical applications
- 2D
A
Transmission Electron
Microscope
17
Q
Simpliest collection matter
A
THE CELL
18
Q
An organism’s basic unit of life
A
THE CELL
19
Q
Outmost part, protects the cell
and its content
A
Cell Membrane
20
Q
Selective barrier that allows
the passage of enough
oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
to service the entire cell
A
Cell Membrane
21
Q
Phospholipids, proteins,
carbohydrate side chains
A
Cell Membrane
22
Q
Midlayer where most activities
of the cell takes place
A
Cytoplasm
23
Q
Where organelles are located
A
Cytoplasm
24
Q
gel like solution
composed of organic and
inorganic compounds
A
Cytosol
25
Serves as the brain of the cell
and directs all the cell’s
activities
Nucleus
26
Information central
Nucleus
27
Contains most of the genes
Nucleus
28
Encloses the nucleus
separating its components in
the cytoplasm
Nuclear Envelope
29
Maintains shape
Nuclear Lamina
30
Supports nuclear envelope
Nuclear Lamina
31
Carries genetic info
Chromosomes
32
Complex of DNA and proteins
| making up chromosomes
Chromatin
33
Mass of densely granules and
fibers adjoining part of the
chromatin
Nucleolus
34
Protein factories
Ribosomes
35
where Protein synthesis happens
Ribosomes
36
Biosynthetic factory
Endoplasmic Reticulum
37
folds; membranous
| tubules and sacs
Cisternae
38
Smooth ER
Smooth ER
39
metabolism
| of carbohydrates
Smooth ER
40
detoxification of drugs and
| poison
Smooth ER
41
storage of calcium
| ions
Smooth ER
42
Synthesis of protein to be
secreted, sent to lysosomes or
plasma membrane and
making of secretory proteins
Rough ER
43
Shipping and Receiving
| Center
Golgi Apparatus
44
Transfer of material between
parts of golgi and other
structures
Golgi Apparatus
45
Digestive compartment of the
| cell
Lysosome
46
Used in animal cell to digest
| (hydrolyze) macromolecules
Lysosome
47
Intracellular digestion of food
Phagocytosis
48
Intracellular degradation
| system
Autophagy
49
digests organelle
| components
hydrolytic enzyme
50
Chemical energy converter
Mitochondria
51
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
52
Site for cellular respiration
Mitochondria
53
Extracting energy from sugars,
| fats, and other fuels
Mitochondria
54
major fuel for all cell
| activities that require energy
ATP
55
Region between inner and
| outer
Intermembrane Space
56
Contains enzymes as well as
mitochondrial DNA and
ribosomes
Mitochondrial Matrix
57
foldings
Cristae
58
Captures light energy
Chloroplast
59
Contains green pigment
| chlorophyll
Chloroplast
60
Photosynthetic production of
| sugar
Chloroplast
61
membranous
systems in a form of flattened
interconnected sacs
Thylakoids
62
STacked thylakoids
granum
63
fluid outside thylakoid
- Contains chloroplast DNA snd
ribosomes as well as enzymes
Stroma
64
Specialize metabolic
| compartment
Peroxisomes
65
Uses oxygen to break fatty
acids to smaller molecules to
transport to the mitochondria
Peroxisomes
66
used as fuel for cellular
| respiration
Peroxisomes
67
in seeds; fat
| storing tissues
Glyoxysome
68
Found in plants, fungi, protists
Cell Wall
69
Surrounds plasma membrane
Cell Wall
70
Supports and protects plant
| cells
Cell Wall
71
Plants: Cellulose; Fungi:____
Chitin
72
Bacteria's cell wall
Peptidoglycan
73
Mechanical support
Cytoskeleton
74
Anchor organelles
Cytoskeleton
75
Help move substances
Cytoskeleton
76
short; used to move
| substances outside the cell
Cilia
77
whip like extensions
Flagella
78
Composed of centrioles
| arranged side by side
Centrosome
79
Pairs of microtubular structures
Centrioles
80
Pulls chromosomes apart
Centrioles
81
Membrane bound storage
| sacs
Vacuoles
82
Contains food, water and
| wastes
Vacuoles
83
Oldest type of cell
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
84
No nucleus or membrane
| bound organelles
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
85
Single, circular chromosome
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
86
Genetic info is on a circular
| loop called plasmids
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
87
has Strong cell walls which are
resistant to environmental
changes
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
88
One cell splits into two
Binary Fission
89
Sexual reproduction of
| bacteria
Bacterial Conjugation
90
Bacteria incorporates genes
| form dead bacteria
Transformation
91
Viruses insert new genes into
| bacterial cells
Transduction
92
Used in biotech to create
bacteria that creates valuable
products like insulin
Transduction
93
Functions of prokaryotes
- Decomposers
- Agent of fermentation
- Nutrient cycles
- Metabolic cycles
94
Has a cell membrane
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
95
Found in the skin, body linings,
| and glandular tissue
EPITHELIAL CELLS
96
Single layer of flat cells
Simple Squamous
| -
97
Forms membranes
Simple Squamous
| -
98
Lines body cavities, lungs, and
| capillaries
Simple Squamous
99
Single layer cube like cells
Simple Cuboidal
100
Forms wall of kidney tubules
Simple Cuboidal
101
Glands and ducts
Simple Cuboidal
102
Single layer of tall cells
Simple Columnar
103
single layer but some cells are
| shorter
Ciliated (Psuedostratified)
104
appears to be double layer
Ciliated (Psuedostratified)
105
skeletal muscle cells
Striated Muscle Cells
106
controlled voluntarily
Striated Muscle Cells
107
more than one nucleus
Striated Muscle Cells
108
found only in the heart
Cardiac Muscle Cells
109
pumps blood involuntarily
Cardiac Muscle Cells
110
attached to other cardiac
muscle cells at intercalated
disks
Cardiac Muscle Cells
111
Involuntary muscles
Smooth Muscle Cells
112
Surrounds hollow organ
Smooth Muscle Cells
113
One nucleus per cell
Smooth Muscle Cells
114
Most resilient bounded by
| calcium and phosphate
BONE CELLS (OSTEOCYTES)
115
Strength, support, framework,
| locomotion
BONE CELLS (OSTEOCYTES)
116
stem
Osteogenic Cell
117
bone matrix
Osteoblast
118
maintains bone tissue
Osteocyte
119
resorbs bone
Osteoclast
120
Chondrotin sulphate makes
| them softer and flexible
CARTILAGE CELLS (CHONDROCYTES)
121
most versatile cell
NERVE CELLS
122
make up the brain and spinal
| chord
NERVE CELLS
123
never multiply in one’s lifetime
NERVE CELLS
124
fat cells
```
ADIPOSE CELLS (ADIPOCYTES/
LIPOCYTES)
```
125
ring-like in form and function
| to store fat
```
ADIPOSE CELLS (ADIPOCYTES/
LIPOCYTES)
```
126
reduce friction and help
| cushion the body
```
ADIPOSE CELLS (ADIPOCYTES/
LIPOCYTES)
```
127
Transports and supplies oxygen
Red Blood Cells
128
Protects the body from infections
White Blood Cells
129
Helps in the process of blood clotting
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
130
Most common type of plant cell
PARENCHYMA CELLS
131
Stores starch, oil, and water
PARENCHYMA CELLS
132
Heal plant wounds (protection)
PARENCHYMA CELLS
133
metabolism and absorption of nutrients
PARENCHYMA CELLS
134
unevenly thick cell walls
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
135
structural support
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
136
help support plant while not restraining growth due to secondary cell
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
137
strongest type of cell in plant
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
138
has secondary cell walls hardened by lignin
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
139
dies when they reach maturity
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
140
hard outershell of seeds and nuts
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
141
covers the outside, protects the plant
Dermal Tissues
142
forms outer bark of the trees
Dermal Tissues
143
stores materials in roots and stems
Ground Tissues
144
made up of parenchyma cells
Ground Tissues
145
transports water, minerals, and organic compounds
Vascular Tissues
146
The ability of an organism to produce the own kind
CELL DIVISION
147
Distinguishes living organisms to non living organisms
CELL DIVISION
148
Main functions: development; growth/reproduction; repair
CELL DIVISION
149
waist of the duplicated chromosome where chromatids attach
Centromere
150
90% of the cell cycle
INTERPHASE
151
Cell growth
| - Carrying out the cell functions
G1
152
Synthesis phase
S Phase
153
DNA is replicated
S Phase
154
Protein synthesis
S Phase
155
Further modification of the cell
G2
156
Preparation for mitosis
G2
157
Chromosomes condense and nucleoli disappears
Prophase
158
Mitotic spindle begins to form
Prophase
159
Centromeres move away from each other
Prophase
160
Nuclear envelop disintegrates
Prometaphase
161
Centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell
Metaphase
162
Chromosomes arrived at the metaphase plate
Metaphase
163
Kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to the kinetochore fibres coming from opposite poles
Metaphase
164
Shortest stage of mitosis
Anaphase
165
Sister chromatids parts
Anaphase
166
Cleavage furrow is formed
Telophase
167
Nucleus and nuclear envelop forms in both daughter cells
Telophase
168
Division of the cytoplasm
CYTOKINESIS
169
Construction of two identical daughter cells
CYTOKINESIS
170
Anaphase begins when the chromosomes are properly aligned
Protein complex is activated when kinetochores are attached to the spindles
171
cells don’t stop dividing
Cancer Cells
172
abnormal cell cycle control system
Cancer Cells
173
don’t respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms
Cancer Cells
174
1. High Energy Radiation
- Damages DNA of cancer cells
2. Chemotherapy
- Interferes steps in the cycle
- Taxol: freezes spindle
Cancer Cells treatment
175
Cell division of gametes, half nos. of chromosomes are produced
MEIOSIS
176
“Reduction Division”
MEIOSIS
177
Chromosome number is reduced from dipl
Meiosis I
178
Longest and most complex
Prophase I
179
Chromosomes condense and thicken
Prophase I
180
Synapsis occurs where homologous chromosomes come together forming tetrads.
Prophase I
181
homologous chromosomes come together forming tetrads.
Synapsis
182
Crossing Over occurs
Prophase I
183
pair of maternal and paternal chromosome with the same size and shape
Homologous Chromosome
184
two chromosomes or four chromatids
Tetrad
185
process of physical exchange of chromosome region; responsible for variation
Crossing Over
186
Shortest phase
Metaphase I
187
Independent Assortment occurs
Metaphase I
188
Tetrads aligns at the metaphase plate
Metaphase I
189
random distribution of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate; another process responsible for variation
Independent Assortment
190
Responsible for variation
Independent assortment and crossing over
191
Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards each pole
Anaphase I
192
Chromosomes complete migration to poles
Telophase I
193
Chromosome does not separate completely or correctly resulting to genetic disorders such as down syndrome
Nondisjunction
194
entrance and exit of substances in the cell membrane
CELL TRANSPORT
195
selectively permeable
Cell Membrane
196
allows the entrance and exit of substances
Cell Membrane
197
used for cell recognition and act as receptors and antigens
Proteins
198
occur when atleast 2 carbohydrate compounds link together, forming disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the compounds on the chain
Carbohydrate Chains
199
fatty acid tails
Phospholipids
200
requires no energy
Simple Diffusion
201
high to low concentration
Simple Diffusion
202
diffusion of water across a membrane
Osmosis
203
A solution whose concentration is the same as the solute concentration inside the cell
Isotonic
204
The cell is at equilibrium
Isotonic
205
Solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside the cell
Hypotonic
206
Water goes inside the cell
Hypotonic
207
bursting or swelling of cells
Cytolysis
208
Solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside the cell
Hypertonic
209
Water is going outside the cell
Hypertonic
210
thinning and deformation of cells
Plasmolysis
211
Uses energy in a form of ATP
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
212
From low to high area
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
213
Uses protein channels
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
214
passageway of molecules
Protein Channel
215
adjusts to the structure of the molecules that will enter
Carrier Proteins
216
Releases molecules outside the cell
Exocytosis
217
Serves as hormone molecules
Exocytosis
218
molecules go inside the cell
Endocytosis
219
Cell drinking
Pinocytosis
220
Molecules engulfed and coated inside the vesicle
Pinocytosis
221
Uses receptor proteins where molecules attach
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
222
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
