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earth science > Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 9 > Flashcards

Earth Science, Tarbuck Chap 9 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

What is Infiltration

A

Water soaks into the ground

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2
Q

What is Runoff

A

When rate of rainfall exceeds grounds capacity to absorb it, water flows into lakes, streams, etc.

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3
Q

What is transpiration

A

Water gets absorbed by plants which later release it back into the atmosphere

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4
Q

What is a Drainage bed/ Watershed

A

The area the stream drains

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5
Q

Where is the zone of sediment production usually found in a stream

A

headwater/ beginning of the stream

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6
Q

What are trunk streams

A

area where material produced in the zone of sediment is transported through.

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7
Q

When a river reaches the
ocean or another large body of water, it _________

A

Slows

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8
Q

Why is the sediment that reaches the ocean mostly fine

A

Coarse sediments are deposited at higher energy locations, i.e. higher upstream

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9
Q

What is dendritic drainage pattern

A

drainage pattern that has “Branch”-like pattern. Develops on mostly uniform surface material

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10
Q

What is Radial drainage pattern

A

Drainage pattern that has streams diverging from 1 central area. Usually develops on isolated volcanic cones or domes

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11
Q

What is rectangular drainage pattern

A

Drainage pattern that has streams exhibiting right-angle bends. Develops on bedrock crisscrossed with faults or joints.

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12
Q

What is Trellis Drainage Pattern

A

Drainage pattern where streams are nearly parallel. Usually develops on bedrock with crisscrossing resistant and less-resistant rock

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13
Q

What is Laminar Flow in a stream

A

slow flowing streams where water is flowing parallel to stream channel

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14
Q

What is turbulent flow in a stream

A

a type of stream flow that is more common than Laminar flow. These types of streams exhibit turbulent activity, such as whirlpools, eddies, etc.

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15
Q

Smooth River channels lead to _______ flow because

A

Uniform, as the water in contact with the channel experiences less friction

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16
Q

What is the discharge of a river

A

the volume of water
flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time

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17
Q

How is river discharge calculated

A

Stream’s cross sectional area multiplied by its velocity

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18
Q

What are intermittent streams

A

Streams that only flow during wet periods

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19
Q

What are ephemeral streams

A

Streams that only carry water occasionally in Arid climates

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20
Q

As a river moves from headwaters to the mouth, slope does what

A

Decreases

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21
Q

As a river moves from headwaters to the mouth, Discharge does what

A

increases

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22
Q

As a river moves from headwaters to the mouth, the channel gets finer or coarser

A

finer

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23
Q

3 ways a stream carries sediment

A

in solution(dissolved load), in suspension(suspended load), and bouncing along the bottom(bed load)

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24
Q

Relation of settling velocity, flow velocity, and suspended load

A

as long as flow
velocity exceeds settling velocity, sediment remains
suspended and is transported downstream

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25
What type of sediment is usually carried as bed load
Coarser sediments that are too large to be carried through suspension
26
Sediment Capacity of a stream depends on what
Stream Discharge
27
Sediment competency of a stream depends on what
Velocity of the stream
28
General Term of Sediment deposited by rivers is
Alluvium
29
What are bedrock channels
Streams that cut into the bedrock, usually found upstream
30
What are Alluvial Channels
Stream channels composed of loosely unconsolidated sediment
31
What are the 2 common types of alluvial channels
Meandering channels and Braided channels
32
What is a meandering channel
Streams that transport much of their load in suspension and move in sweeping bends
33
What is a Cut Bank
The outside of the meander, the zone of erosion in a meandering stream
34
What is a meander
The Sweeping Bends of Meandering Streams
35
Where is maximum velocity in a meandering stream
outside of the meander
36
How do Oxbow Lakes form
When a meandering stream reaches an area of more resistant bedrock, it causes the meander above to erode the material between the two meanders. This causes the river to form a narrow neck of land called a cutoff that leaves the abandoned bend as the oxbow lake
37
What are braided streams
Complex networks of converging and diverging channels that thread through numerous small islands. The streams load consists mostly of coarse material
38
What is a stream valley
consists of a channel and the surround￾ing terrain that directs water to the stream
39
What is the lower limit that determines how deeply a stream can erode
Base Level
40
Ultimate Base level of a stream is what
Sea Level
41
The Base level of a stream is
the level where a stream enters a ocean, lake, or another stream
42
What is Downcutting
process by hydraulic action that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor
43
How are floodplains created
As the stream gradient decreases, a meandering stream develops and widens the valley as it erodes from one river bank to the next.
44
What is an Incised meander
Meandering channels that flow in steep, narrow valleys
45
How do Stream Terraces form
When the base level of a stream drops, it produces a new floodplain at a level below the old one
46
How does a delta form
Sediment-laden stream reaches a lake, sea, or ocean and flow slows down, leading to the stream dropping the sediment at the mouth. This causes distributaries to form as the stream seeks a shorter route to the base level
47
What are natural levees and how do they form
When streams have a floodplain, successive flooding leads to the water coming out of the channel and immediately dropping sediment in place, leading to a sloping levee.
48
What are yazoo tributaries
Tributary stream that cannot enter a stream because levees block the way
49
What are alluvial fans and how do they form
high-gradient stream leaves a narrow valley in mountainous terrain and comes out suddenly onto a broad, flat plain or valley floor causing the stream to drop the sediment at the opening, leading to a fan shaped sediment.
50
Groundwater usually occurs where
tiny pore spaces in grains of soil and sediment
51
Geologically, groundwater is important as an ________ agent
Erosional
52
Groundwater slowly dissolves what type of rock
Soluble Rocks, like limestone
53
A large amount of precipitation soaks into the ground and
moves slowly to stream channels
54
Connection of Groundwater to Streams
Stores water that sustains streams during dry periods
55
Upper Limit of Zone of Saturation
Water Table
56
What is the Zone of Saturation
area where all the open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water
57
What is the Unsaturated Zone
area above the water table where the soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated
58
What does porosity of material tell us
The quantity of groundwater that can be stored
59
What is porosity of material
The percentage of the total volume of sediment or rock that consists of pore spaces
60
Why is porosity often low in igneous and metamorphic rocks
Rock grains are tightly pack together
61
What is permeability of a material
its ability to transfer fluids
62
tell me about clay's porosity and permeability
Clay has high porosity, leading it to be able to store a lot of water but due to Clay also having low permeability, as it contains fine grains, water stored in clay cannot usually move
63
Fine grained rocks typically have what Porosity and Permeability
High Porosity, Low Permeability
64
coarse grained rocks typically have what Porosity and Permeability
High Porosity, High Permeability
65
What are Aquitards
Impermeable layers that hinder or prevent water movement
66
What are aquifers
Permeable rock strata or sediments that transmit groundwater freely
67
Where does groundwater move
Areas where water tables are high to Areas where water tables are low(High to low pressure)
68
What is the energy that makes Groundwater move
Gravity
69
GroundWater usually gravitates toward
Stream Channel, Lakes, etc.
70
Most common way of removing groundwater
Drilling Wells
71
What is the Drawdown Effect
Water table is lowered around the well as water is pumped out
72
To ensure a continuous flow of water, what must wells do
Be drilled below the water table
73
What is the Cone of Depression
Conical Depression formed by wells taking groundwater.
74
What is an artesian system
Situation where groundwater rises in a well above the level initially encountered
75
What are the two conditions needed for an artesian system to exist
1. Water must be confined to an aquifer that is inclined so that one end is exposed at the surface, allowing for it to receive water 2. Aquifer must be confined by aquitards on the top and bottom
76
What is the pressure surface in an artesian system
hypothetical level to which water would rise in wells tapping the confined aquifer, due to the hydraulic pressure within the aquifer.
77
As you move farther away from the recharge location in a pressure system, what happens
Pressure increases and Friction increases
78
What is a spring
Whenever water table intersects ground surface
79
What is geothermal Gradient
How much temperature increases with decreasing elevation
80
How does water in hot springs get heated
Water that circulates at deep depths is heated
81
What are geysers
intermittent fountains in which columns of hot water and steam are ejected with great force
82
Why does Pumping of Groundwater sometimes lead to surface subsidence
As water is withdrawn, water pressure is transferred to the sediment and they are forced to be compacted tighter, leading to ground subsidence.
83
What type of Aquifers can cleanse contaminated groundwater rather quickly
Aquifers that are not too permeable
84
How are caverns formed
Groundwater dissolves limestone, leading to large limestone caverns to form
85
How is travertine formed
As limestone is dissolved into the groundwater, calcium carbonate is dissolved in it. When the calcium carbonate precipitates, travertine is the product.
86
Travertine most often forms what type of structure
Dripstone
87
How do Stalactites form
after a river downcuts into a valley, in turn lowering the water table, and the cave is in the unsaturated zone, water enriched with calcium carbonate seeps into cracks of the overhead rock, eventually dripping onto the top of the cavern. As groundwater comes in contact with air, the dissolved carbon dioxide associated with the formation of carbonic acid escapes. This causes precipitation of the calcite and forms a ring of travertine around the water drop.
88
At the beginning of stalactite formation, what shape does it take on,
Soda Straw shape, Inside is hollow and stalactite has tube-like shape.
89
How do Stalagmites form
As water drops down from the stalactite, it drops on the ground and more calcite forms into a larger mass of travertine.
90
What is Karst Topography
Landscape Heavily affected by Groundwater dissolution
91
Which regions generally do not exhibit karst topography
arid and semiarid locations
92
2 ways sinkholes can form
1.Gradual Dissolution of limestone layer, leads to gentle slopes and shallow sinkholes 2. Sudden collapse of Limestone Cavern Ceiling as it collapses on its own weight. Leads to steep slopes and deep sinkholes
93
Relation of Stream number to Karst Topography
There are very little streams in areas of karst topography
94

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