Earth Science, Tarbuck Chapter 3 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What does a magma body do when fully formed
A
rises up the crust due to lower density.
2
Q
Magma that is on the surface
A
Lava
3
Q
What is lithification
A
Conversion of Sediment into rock
4
Q
What type of Igneous rock is formed below surface
A
Plutonic Igneous Rocks
5
Q
What type of Igneous rock is formed above surface
A
Extrusive Igneous rock
6
Q
What causes larger crystals to form in igneous rock
A
Slower Cooling
7
Q
What happens when magma is cooled quickly
A
Smaller, more abundant Crystals
8
Q
What happens when magma is “instantly” cooled
A
Glass forms, as ions are randomly distributed
9
Q
define dark silicate minerals
A
Rich in iron/magnesium, lower in silica
10
Q
Common dark silicate minerals
A
Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite
11
Q
1define light silicate minerals
A
Greater amounts of Potassium, Sodium, and Calcium, richer in silica
12
Q
Common light silicate minerals
A
Quartz, Muscovite, Feldspars
13
Q
What percent of Igneous rocks are feldspars
A
40%
14
Q
All groups of Igneous Rocks
A
Granitic, Andesitic, Basaltic, and Ultramafic
15
Q
What are basaltic rocks also called
A
Mafic Rocks
16
Q
What are Granitic Rocks also called
A
Felsic rocks
17
Q
What are Andesitic Rocks also called
A
Intermediate rocks
18
Q
Coarse and Fine grained Granitic Rocks
A
Coarse: Granite, Fine: Rhyolite
19
Q
Coarse and Fine grained Andesitic Rocks
A
Coarse: Diorite, Fine: Andesite
20
Q
Coarse and fine grained basaltic rock
A
Coarse:Gabbro, Fine: basalt
21
Q
Coarse and Fine-grained Ultramafic Rocks
A
Coarse: Peridotite, Fine: Komatiite
22
Q
Porphyritic Rocks
A
magma undergoes 2 stages of cooling, one fast, one slow, allowing for different crystal size
23
Q
What is a phenocryst
A
Large Crystals in Porphyritic Rock
24
Q
What is Groundmass
A
The Matrix of Smaller crystals in a Porphyritic Rock
25
What are Vesicles
Spherical Openings in Extrusive igneous rock representing gas bubbles
26
Where do Rocks with vesicular texture mostly form
Upper zone of Lava flow, where Cooling is quick enough to preserve openings created by expanding gas bubbles
27
What causes igneous rock to have "glassy texture"
Rapid cooling as molton rock is ejected into the atmosphere causes the ions to have no time to arrange themselves into crystals
28
What are Pyroclastic Rocks
Igneous rocks that are made up of fragments of volcanic rock, almost like a sedimentary rock
29
Difference between Rhyolite and Granite
Granite is intrusive(Coarse Grained), Rhyolite is Extrusive(Fine grained)
30
Coarse Grained Grainitc
Granite
31
Coarse Grained Andesitic
Diorite
32
Coarse Grained Basaltic
Gabbro
33
Coarse Grained Ultramafic
Peridotite
34
Fine grained Granitic
rhyolite
35
Fine grained Andesitic
Andesite
36
Fine grained Basaltic
Basalt
37
Fine grained Ultramafic
Komatiite
38
Glassy Granitic
Obsidion
39
Vesicular Granitic
Pumice
40
Vesicular Basaltic
Scoria
41
Why do Igneous rocks have a wide variety of composition
Different minerals crystalize at different times
42
List bowen's reaction sequence in order
Olivine, Pyroxene, Plagioclase Feldspar, Amphibole, Biotite, Muscovite, Potassium Feldspar, Quartz
43
What do minerals do to surrounding elements as they crystallize
Selectively removes certain elements from the magma mix
44
Crystallization of Olivine and Pyroxene removes what and how does that affect the rest of the magma mixture
iron and Magnesium, causing the rest of the mix to be more felsic
45
What is one way magma removes the already crystallized minerals from the mixture.
Crystal Settling
46
Define Crystal Settling
When Crystals that form early on in a magma chamber are denser than the surrounding magma, causing the crystals to sink to the bottom, leaving the rest of the magma more felsic, as iron and magnesium is pulled out.
47
Define Magmatic Differentiation
Any process that causes magma composition to change. This includes Fractional Crystalization, Partial Melting, Magma Mixing, and Assimiliation
48
What is Detritus
Sediment Originating from weathered rocks
49
What are detrital sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks formed from weathered pieces of other rock
50
Detrital Sedimentary rocks are classified through
particle size
51
Detrital Sedimentary rocks are most commonly formed of
Clay minerals and Quartz
52
2-256 millimeters detritus
Gravel
53
1/16 - 2 millimeters detritus
Sand
54
1/256 - 1/16 millimeters detrital sediment
Silt
55
<1/256 detritus
Clay
56
Define Conglomerate
Sedimentary rock consisting of lots of rounded gravel-size particles
57
Define breccia
Sedimentary rock consisting of lots of angular gravel-size particles
58
Why does breccia contain angular gravel-size particles while conglomerate contains rounded gravel-size particles
The angular gravel size particles in Breccia indicate that particles were not transported far from where they were deposited.
59
Sand sized particles Detrital Sedimentary rock
Sandstone, Arkose
60
Mud sized particles detrital sedimentary rock
Shale, mudstone, siltstone
61
How to classify rock as shale
If rock with mud sized particles breaks into thin layers
62
How to classify rock as mudstone
If rock with mud sized particles breaks into chunks or blocks
63
What happens the particles due to currents of water or air
Particles are sorted from coarse to fine
64
Particle size in relation to river current speed
The faster the speed of the river, the larger the particles the river can carry
65
Gravels are transported commonly through
Swiftly flowing rivers, rockslides, glaciers
66
Sand is commonly found in
River deposits, windblown sand dunes, beachs
67
Silts and Clays commonly settle in
lakes, lagoons, swamps, marine environments
68
Difference between Arkose and Sandstone
Higher feldspar concentration in arkose, Higher quartz concentration in Sandstone
69
How do Chemical Sedimentary Rocks form
When minerals carried in a solution precipitates under certain conditions and physical proccesses
70
How do Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks form
Precipitation of mineral matter through life proccesses of water-dwelling organisms that extract minerals from water to form shells and other hard parts
71
Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rocks formed of mainly calcite(also known as limestone)
Crystalline Limestone, microcrystalline limestone, Travertine, Coquina, Fossiliferous Limestone, Chalk
72
Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rocks formed of mainly Quartz
Chert
73
Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rocks formed of mainly Gypsum
Rock Gypsum
74
Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rocks formed of mainly Halite
Rock Salt
75
Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rocks formed of mainly Altered Plant Fragments
Bituminous coal
76
What mineral is Limestone Composed of. Is it chemical, biochemical, or organic?
Calcite, Biochemical
77
Describe Coquina
Coarse Rock composed of shells and shell fragments cemented together. Coquina is Organic
78
Describe Chalk
Soft, Porous Rock made up of the hard parts of microscopic organisms. Chalk is organic
79
Describe Travertine
Inorganic sedimentary rock, fine grained
80
How do microcrystalline rocks form
Dissolved silica precipitating
81
Which minerals often precipitate due to evaporation of water
Halite, Gypsum, Anhydrite
82
What is an Evaporite Deposit
Rocks formed of minerals that are produced by evaporation of water
83
Coal consists mostly of
Organic matter
84
Brown Coal is called
Lignite
85
What is the first and most important stage of coal formation
large amounts of plant remains are accumulated in one place.
86
What needs to happen to the plant remains so that coal can form
Preserved so that the plant remains do not decay
87
What are the best environments for coal to form and why.
Swamps, as swamp water is low in oxygen, leading to little decay.
88
After this layer of plant remains are formed, what happens to transform it into coal
compaction and metamorphism
89
What is Anthracite
Hard, Black Coal. Is metamorphic rock
90
How does the cementation process work
Coarse Sediments have a harder time being compressed, so when mineral rich water is run through, the minerals in the water precipitate into a cement mix that holds the sediment together
91
Which type of sediment does cementation happen to
Coarse sized sediment( Gravel and Sand)
92
What are layers of Sediment called
Strata or Beds
93
What separates the strata layers
Bedding Planes
94
Describe the Metamorphism Process in a rock
The rock changes until it reaches a state of equilibrium with its environment.
95
Slight Metamorphic Changes
Low-Grade Metamorphism
96
Substantial Metamorphic Changes
High-Grade metamorphism
97
In low-grade metamorphism, what changes can occur
Rock becomes denser and more compact
98
In high-grade metamorphism, what changes can occur
Causes Certain minerals to recrystallize, leading to the growth of larger crystals
99
2 main types of metamorphism
Regional and Contact Metamorphism
100
Describe how regional metamorphism occurs
Mountain-building events cause large quantities of rock to undergo pressure and temperature that can cause metamorphism
101
Describe how Contact Metamorphism occurs
Intrusion of Magma causes surrounding rock to undergo high temperatures that can cause metamorphism
102
List the agents of metamorphism
Heat, Pressure, Differential stress, Chemically Active Fluid
103
Most important factor driving metamorphism
Thermal Energy
104
What happens to pressure and temperature due to greater depth
Both increase
105
Confining pressure causes the spaces between the grains in the rock to
Close
106
What is differential Stress
The forces associated with mountain building are unequal in each direction.
107
Rocks that undergo Differential Stress are
Shortened in the direction of greatest stress and elongated in direction perpendicular to that stress.
108
Rocks near the surface can be described as
Brittle
109
Rocks deep in earth's crust can be described as
Ductile
110
Hot Chemically Active fluids can affect rock in what ways
They can change the arrangement or shape of the rock grains and they can change the chemical composition of the rock
111
How do Hot chemically Active Fluids change the arrangement or shape of rock grains?
When two mineral grains are squeezed together, the crystalline parts that touch are the ones in the highest stress. Hot chemically active fluids can dissolve the atoms at these sites and move them to fill voids between individual grains in the rock
112
How does hot chemically active fluids change chemical composition of rocks
When hot chemically active fluids circulate freely through rocks, ionic exchange can occur between adjacent rock layers.
113
What is Foliation
Nearly flat arrangement of mineral grains or structural features in a rock
114
Foliation is a fundamental characteristic of what type of metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism, or rocks that have been strongly deformed, mainly through folding
115
What is Foliation Driven by
Compressional Stresses that shorten rock units, causing mineral grains to become near parallel
116
Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks are commonly formed in environments where
Deformation is minimal and Parent rocks are made of simple minerals
117
Examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks
Marble, Quartzite
118
Describe Slate
Low grade Fine-grained foliated rock composed of Mica flakes
119
List foliated rock from increasing metamorphic grade
Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss,
120
Describe Phyllite
Low-grade Fine-grained Foliated rock composed of Muscovite and Chlorite
121
Parent rock of Slate, Phyllite, Schist
Shale, Mudstone, Siltstone
122
Describe Schist
Medium Grade, Medium to Coarse grained foliated metamorphic rock formed mostly of micas
123
Describe Gneiss
High grade, Coarse Grained, banded foliated metamorphic rock, composed of feldspar and quartz
124
Gneiss Parent Rock
Shale, Granite, Volcanic Rocks
125
Parent rock of Marble
Limestone, Dolostone
126
Describe Marble
Coarse, Crystalline HIgh grade Metamorphic Rock composed of large interlocking calcite crystals.
127
Parent rock of Quartzite
Quartz, Sandstone
128
Describe Quartzite
Moderate-HIgh Grade metamorphism, coarse grained.
129
What are Accessory Minerals
During intermediate to High grade metamorphism, rocks undergo recrystallization that often produce new minerals associated with metamorphism
130
What are some examples of a mineral that is formed by recrystallization, also known as an accessory mineral?
Garnet, staurolite, kyanite, monazite, allanite, fluorite
131
What metamorphic rock frequently Contains accessory minerals
Gneiss
132
What are pegmatites
Rocks that have unusually large crystals, ranging from a few centimeters to a few meters in length
133
Where are pegmatites mostly found
within large igneous masses as dikes or veins surrounding a magma chamber
134
Most important ore deposits are generated from
Hydrothermal Solutions
135
Hydrothermal Solutions are mostly originating from
hot, metal-rich fluids associated with cooling magma bodies.
136
How do Hydrothermal Solutions form
During solidification, liquids plus various metallic ions accumulate near the top of the magma chamber
137
Where can Hydrothermal Solutions deposit
Fluid moves along fractures or bedding planes where it cools and precipitates into Vein Deposits
138
What is a Disseminated deposit
In contrast to the concentrated ores in Vein Deposits, disseminated deposits are when ores are distributed throughout the entire rock mass.
139
Most widely used non-metallic mineral resource
Limestone
140
Emissions from Coal burning
Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and Carbon Dioxide
