Earth System Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Made up of non-living materials in the planet
A
Geosphere
2
Q
composed of rigid. brittle rocks
A
Lithosphere
3
Q
thinnest layer
A
Crust
4
Q
Crust is made up of what
A
Silicon and Aluminum
5
Q
2 types of crust
A
Oceanic and Continental
6
Q
movement towards each other
A
convergent
7
Q
moving away from each other
A
divergent
8
Q
movement of the mantle
A
convection currents
9
Q
rock type of oceanic
A
basalt
10
Q
thickness of continental
A
5-70 km
11
Q
state of oceanic and continental crust
A
solid
12
Q
oceanic crust age
A
180 million years or younger
13
Q
rock type of continental
A
granite
14
Q
density of continental
A
less dense
15
Q
density of oceanic
A
more dense
16
Q
continental crust age
A
4 billion years or older
17
Q
element composition of continental
A
oxygen, sodium, silicon, aluminum, potassium
18
Q
elemental composition of oceanic
A
iron, magnesium, calcium
19
Q
discontinuity that separates outer core and mantle
A
guttenburg discontinuity
20
Q
thickest layer of the earth
A
mantle
21
Q
materials of mantle
A
hot molten rocks
22
Q
serves as a ?? for the plates
A
conveyor belt
23
Q
semi-rigid layer in the middle mantle that flows like a hot fudge; reason why lithosphere is moving slowly
A
asthenosphere
24
Q
discontinuity that separates that outer and inner core
A
bullen discontinuity
25
giant dynamo, reason why Earth rotates on its own axis
inner core
26
inner core is made up of ??
solid iron and nickel
27
outer core is made up of ??
molten iron and nickel
28
solid materials surrounded by liquid
inner core
29
full of liquid
outer core
30
the blue planet is ??
75% water and 25% land
31
3 components of hydrosphere
Freshwater, Saltwater, Cryosphere
32
3% of water
Freshwater
33
unusable since stored in a solid form
Ice
34
percentage of ice in freshwater
2.3%
35
water hidden in cracks and pores in rocks, sand, and soil below the surface
ground water
36
percentage of groundwater in freshwater
0.4%
37
a natural, underground water reservoir which is made of rocks, rock fragments and other permeable materials
aquifer
38
a layer of low permeability, usually made of clay or sand which prevents water from moving into another aquifer
aquitard
39
an impermeable layer, can be overlying or underlying, which creates pressure to contain groundwater
aquiclude
40
a moist terrestrial spot which indicates a presence of ground water
flush
41
constructed hole was drilled, breaking overlying aquicludes, leading to large supply of ground water
dug well
42
Common type of freshwater available for animal consumption
surface water
43
percentage of surface water in freshwater
0.05%
44
3 types of freshwater
perennial, ephemeral, manmade
45
Common type of freshwater available for animal consumption
Surface Freshwater
46
main source of usable freashwater
river
47
sources of rivers
watershed and river basin
48
a small piece of land which directs freshwater to small
watershed
49
larger than watersheds, directly delivers the freshwater to a large river
river basin
50
bodies of surface water that is available only through certain times of the year
Ephemeral Freshwater
51
what affects Ephemeral freshwater
weather, current, and presence of groundwater
52
bodies of surface water that is available only through certain tines of the year
ephemeral freshwater
53
A body of freshwater surrounded by land. Its volume changes depending on the current or the tides.
lagoon
54
Sloped piece of land in which water from streams are misdirected
creeks
55
A strip of land in which freshwater from rivers are re-directed to harness energy from the current
dams
56
Constructed to re-direct ground water and/or rainwater to a certain land usually for vegetation (Ex: Irrigation)
constructed wetlands
57
percentage of atmosphere in freshwater
0.05%
58
97% of water
saltwater
59
high salt concentration water
saltwater
60
low salt concentration water
freshwater
61
ice
cryosphere
62
boundary between the atmospheres
pause
63
lowest and thinnest layer (16 km at equator, 8 km at poles)
troposphere
64
90% of the atmosphere's mass
troposphere
65
Temperature decreases with altitude (6 C per km; topmost level has -50 C)
troposphere
66
Where weather occurs
troposphere
67
boundary b/n troposphere and stratosphere
tropopause
68
less dense (less water vapor)
stratosphere
69
Temperature increases with altitude
stratosphere
70
Almost no weather occurrence
stratosphere
71
Contains high level of ozone
stratosphere
72
protection against UV lights; bouncing back or absorption
ozone layer
73
upper boundary
stratopause
74
Extends to almost 80 km high
mesosphere
75
Gases are less dense
mesosphere
76
Temperature decreases as altitude increases
mesosphere
77
Gases in this layer absorb very little UV radiation
mesosphere
78
coldest layer
mesosphere
79
Thickest layer (contains ionosphere/aurora)
thermosphere
80
Above the mesosphere and extends to almost 600 km high
thermosphere
81
Temperature increases with altitude
thermosphere
82
Readily absorbs solar radiation
thermosphere
83
how does Aurora occur?
ions that are scattered in the thermosphere
84
north aurora lights
Aurora Borealis
85
south aurora lights
Aurora Australis
86
Temperature can go as high as 1.5k C
thermosphere
87
warmest layer
thermosphere
88
Reflects radio waves
thermosphere
89
from the core; protective barrier against the meteors and solar radiation
magnetosphere
90
The interface between Earth and space
exosphere
91
Atoms and molecules can escape to space (hydrogen and helium)
exosphere
92
Man-made satellites are positioned in this area
exosphere
93
Chlorine atom reacts with ozone (O3) molecules forming chlorine oxide (ClO) and oxygen gas (O2)
ozone depletion
94
last year for reversible climate change
2030
95
Made up of living materials in the planet
biosphere
96
life requirements
energy source, liquid water, atmosphere, organisms
97
utilize and convert energy to keep all cellular activities working
energy source
98
main source of energy
sun
99
directly converts Sun's energy
producers
100
uses the energy thru photosynthesis
consumers
101
Breaks down the nutrients for the cell to use
liquid water
102
Need protection from temperature and outside radiation
atmosphere
103
Symbiotic relationship must be established among them to sustain life processes
organisms
