Ebola

Question 1

What is Ebola virus disease (EVD)?

Answer 1

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and often fatal illness in humans caused by the Ebola virus.

Question 2

True or False: Ebola is primarily transmitted through airborne particles.

Answer 2

False: Ebola is primarily transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids of an infected person or animal.

Question 3

List three common symptoms of Ebola virus disease.

Answer 3

Fever, severe headache, and muscle pain.

Question 4

What is the incubation period for Ebola virus disease?

Answer 4

The incubation period for Ebola virus disease is 2 to 21 days.

Question 5

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the primary mode of transmission for the Ebola virus.

Answer 5

direct contact with bodily fluids

Question 6

What personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended for healthcare workers treating Ebola patients?

Answer 6

Gloves, gowns, masks, and face shields.

Question 7

True or False: Ebola can be transmitted through casual contact.

Answer 7

False: Ebola cannot be transmitted through casual contact.

Question 8

What is the first step in the management of a suspected EVD case?

Answer 8

Isolate the patient and implement infection control measures.

Question 9

Name one laboratory test used to diagnose Ebola.

Answer 9

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test.

Question 10

What is the recommended treatment for Ebola virus disease?

Answer 10

Supportive care, including hydration and symptomatic treatment.

Question 11

True or False: There is a vaccine available for Ebola virus disease.

Answer 11

True: There is an FDA-approved vaccine for Ebola.

Question 12

What should be done with the body of a deceased Ebola patient?

Answer 12

The body should be handled with strict infection control measures and buried safely.

Question 13

What are common complications of Ebola virus disease?

Answer 13

Organ failure, septic shock, and bleeding.

Question 14

What is the role of contact tracing in Ebola outbreaks?

Answer 14

To identify and monitor individuals who may have been exposed to the virus.

Question 15

Fill in the blank: Ebola virus can survive outside the body for __________ in certain conditions.

Answer 15

several hours to days

Question 16

What type of virus is the Ebola virus?

Answer 16

Filovirus.

Question 17

True or False: All Ebola viruses cause the same severity of disease.

Answer 17

False: Different species of Ebola virus can cause varying severity of disease.

Question 18

What is the importance of community education in Ebola prevention?

Answer 18

To raise awareness and promote safe practices to reduce transmission.

Question 19

List two key practices for preventing Ebola transmission in healthcare settings.

Answer 19

Proper use of PPE and strict adherence to infection control protocols.

Question 20

What is the recommended action if a healthcare worker has a needle-stick injury while treating an Ebola patient?

Answer 20

Seek immediate medical evaluation and follow post-exposure protocols.

Question 21

What are the primary reservoirs for the Ebola virus?

Answer 21

Fruit bats and nonhuman primates.

Question 22

True or False: Survivors of Ebola can experience long-term health issues.

Answer 22

True: Survivors may experience post-Ebola syndrome.

Question 23

What is the significance of the R0 value in Ebola outbreaks?

Answer 23

It indicates the average number of secondary infections produced by one infected individual.

Question 24

Fill in the blank: The __________ is responsible for the overall response to Ebola outbreaks in the U.S.

Answer 24

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Question 25

What is one of the key challenges in controlling Ebola outbreaks?

Answer 25

Cultural practices related to burial and caregiving.

Question 26

What is the recommended duration for monitoring contacts of Ebola patients?

Answer 26

21 days.

Question 27

True or False: Ebola can be transmitted through sexual contact after recovery.

Answer 27

True: Ebola can be transmitted through sexual contact for some time after recovery.

Question 28

What are the two main categories of Ebola virus species?

Answer 28

Zaire ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus.

Question 29

What is the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Ebola outbreaks?

Answer 29

To provide international support and coordinate response efforts.

Question 30

What is a key preventive measure for healthcare workers in Ebola-affected areas?

Answer 30

Vaccination against Ebola virus.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: Ebola outbreaks are often associated with __________ events.

Answer 31

wildlife exposure

Question 32

What is the recommended approach for managing Ebola patients in healthcare settings?

Answer 32

Use of dedicated treatment units with strict infection control.

Question 33

True or False: Ebola can be transmitted through food consumption.

Answer 33

False: Ebola is not transmitted through food.

Question 34

What is the primary focus of Ebola prevention strategies?

Answer 34

To prevent transmission and outbreaks.

Question 35

List two symptoms that may appear in the later stages of Ebola virus disease.

Answer 35

Bleeding and organ failure.

Question 36

What should be done if a suspected Ebola case is identified?

Answer 36

Immediately notify public health authorities and implement isolation.

Question 37

True or False: The Ebola virus can be eradicated completely.

Answer 37

False: Complete eradication is challenging due to animal reservoirs.

Question 38

What is the significance of rapid case identification in Ebola outbreaks?

Answer 38

It helps to contain the outbreak and prevent further transmission.

Question 39

How do orthoebolaviruses enter the body?

Answer 39

Through mucous membranes, breaks in the skin, or parenterally.

Question 40

What types of cells do orthoebolaviruses infect?

Answer 40

* Monocytes * Macrophages * Dendritic cells * Endothelial cells * Fibroblasts * Hepatocytes * Adrenal cortical cells * Epithelial cells

Question 41

What is the incubation period for orthoebolaviruses dependent on?

Answer 41

The infection route.

Question 42

What is the first site of migration for orthoebolaviruses after entering the body?

Answer 42

Regional lymph nodes.

Question 43

What happens to lymphocytes during the infection caused by orthoebolaviruses?

Answer 43

They undergo apoptosis, resulting in decreased lymphocyte counts.

Question 44

What type of necrosis occurs in the liver due to orthoebolavirus infection?

Answer 44

Hepatocellular necrosis.

Question 45

What are the consequences of hepatocellular necrosis?

Answer 45

Dysregulation of clotting factors and subsequent coagulopathy.

Question 46

What is associated with adrenocortical necrosis?

Answer 46

Hypotension and impaired steroid synthesis.

Question 47

What do ebolaviruses trigger the release of?

Answer 47

Pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Question 48

What are the ultimate effects of vascular leaks and clotting impairment caused by ebolaviruses?

Answer 48

Multiorgan failure and shock.

Question 49

What are the two FDA-approved treatments for Ebola disease?

Answer 49

* Inmazeb® * Ebanga®

Question 50

What is Inmazeb® composed of?

Answer 50

A combination of three monoclonal antibodies.

Question 51

What is the function of monoclonal antibodies in Ebola treatment?

Answer 51

To stop the virus from replicating by binding to the glycoprotein.

Question 52

What was the outcome of the randomized controlled trial for Inmazeb® and Ebanga®?

Answer 52

Higher overall survival for patients who received either treatment.

Question 53

Has the efficacy of Inmazeb® and Ebanga® been established for viruses other than Ebola virus?

Answer 53

No.

Question 54

What should clinical management of Ebola disease focus on?

Answer 54

Supportive care for complications.

Question 55

What are some complications that may require supportive care?

Answer 55

* Hypovolemia * Electrolyte abnormalities * Hematologic abnormalities * Refractory shock * Hypoxia * Hemorrhage * Septic shock * Multiorgan failure * Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Question 56

What is recommended for volume repletion in Ebola patients?

Answer 56

Large volumes of intravenous fluids.

Question 57

What can cause dehydration in Ebola patients?

Answer 57

Diarrhea and vomiting.

Question 58

What chronic complications can Ebola survivors experience?

Answer 58

Viral persistence of orthoebolavirus in their bodies.

Question 60

What is the average time frame for Ebola symptoms to appear after exposure?

Answer 60

8 to 10 days ## Footnote Symptoms may appear as early as 2 days and as late as 21 days after contact with the virus.

Question 61

What are the 'dry' symptoms of Ebola disease?

Answer 61

* Fever * Aches and pains in muscles and joints * Severe headache * Weakness and fatigue * Sore throat ## Footnote These symptoms can be confused with other infectious diseases.

Question 62

Which diseases can be confused with Ebola disease due to similar early symptoms?

Answer 62

* Malaria * Influenza (flu) * Typhoid fever * Meningococcal disease * Other bacterial infections, like pneumonia ## Footnote Early symptoms are generic and resemble those of many common illnesses.

Question 63

What are the 'wet' symptoms that may develop after four to five days of illness?

Answer 63

* Loss of appetite * Unexplained bleeding * Gastrointestinal symptoms * Nausea * Abdominal pain * Diarrhea * Vomiting ## Footnote These symptoms indicate a progression of the illness.

Question 64

What are some other symptoms of Ebola disease?

Answer 64

* Chest pain * Shortness of breath * Confusion * Red eyes * Skin rash * Hiccups * Seizures ## Footnote These symptoms can vary greatly among patients.

Question 65

What is a fact about patients who pass away from Ebola disease?

Answer 65

They usually develop more severe symptoms early in the illness. ## Footnote Patients who survive may have a fever for several days.

Question 66

What long-term complications may Ebola disease survivors experience?

Answer 66

* Tiredness * Headaches * Muscle and joint pain * Eye and vision problems * Weight gain * Stomach pain or loss of appetite * Memory loss * Neck swelling * Dry mouth * Tightness in the chest * Hair loss * Hearing problems * Pain or tingling in hands and feet * Inflammation of tissues around the heart * Changes in menstruation * Impotence * Difficulty sleeping * Depression * Anxiety * PTSD ## Footnote The severity and duration of these complications vary among survivors.

Question 67

True or False: The timing and severity of complications among Ebola disease survivors are the same for all patients.

Answer 67

False ## Footnote Complications can vary significantly among survivors.