EBP exam #1 Questions Flashcards
1
Q
Identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships among the phenomena are examples of __________?
A
description
2
Q
The beginning nurse researcher would like to investigate credible resources for implementing protocols in clinical practice. Which of the following would be considered empirical sources of nursing knowledge?
A
quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research
3
Q
The nurse researcher is investigating outcomes research on nursing interventions. Which of the following examples would constitute outcomes research?
A
pt responses to nursing interventions
4
Q
The nurse researcher is preparing to search for practice protocols. Which of the following steps will assist in the process of nursing research? (Select all that apply)
A
conducting a systematic investigation
organizing existing data
planning strategies to search literature
persistent focus
5
Q
The nurse researcher is explaining the key differences between research and evidence-based practice to a new nurse researcher. Which statement best describes the relationship between research and practice?
A
research involves searching and testing available knowledge and EBP involves finding the best evidence to implement into practice
6
Q
The nurse researcher is exploring the relationship between health promotion and illness prevention strategies used by a variety of populations. What purpose would this research fulfill?
A
description
7
Q
The nurse researcher is conducting a synthesis of research for developing a guideline to implement and evaluate in the practice setting. What purpose would this research fulfill?
A
control
8
Q
The nurse mentor is providing a brief lecture on the history of nursing. As a new nurse researcher, you understand that the focus of nursing research from the late 1990s through the present has been mainly:
A
EBP
9
Q
The major purpose of the National Institute for Nursing Research is to:
A
provide financial support for nursing research
10
Q
Examine the following statement: the nurse researcher speculates that patients who receive chemotherapy for lung cancer treatment experience vomiting as a side effect; therefore, those patients who have leukemia and receive chemotherapy will also experience nausea and vomiting. What type of reasoning is the nurse researcher using?
A
inductive
11
Q
Examine the following statement: The nurse researcher speculates that nausea and vomiting are common side effects of chemotherapy; therefore, patients who have leukemia and are being treated with chemotherapy will most likely have nausea and vomiting. What type of reasoning is the nurse researcher using?
A
deductive
12
Q
The nurse educator would like to design an orientation program for the medical/surgical unit. the researcher finds a phenomenological study conducted by Benner (1984), which describes how clinical knowledge and expertise is gained through experience. What type of knowledge is being highlighted in this study?
A
personal experience
13
Q
A nurse is using theories from psychology to expand her understanding of the grief process. This is an example of which way of acquiring knowledge for nursing practice?
A
borrowing
14
Q
A new registered nurse has formed a close relationship with an experienced nurse so that he or she might learn facets of nursing practice by imitating the behavior of the expert nurse. This is an example of which way of acquiring knowledge for nursing practice?
A
role modeling
15
Q
The nurse would like to research patients’ perceptions of pain. The nurse focuses on qualitative studies. What characteristic will likely be included in the qualitative research studies?
A
a basis of theory development is a characteristic
16
Q
The nurse is researching the incidence of pressure ulcers with a new skin care ointment to determine the cause-and-effect interactions among variables. This is known as which type of research?
A
quasi-experimental research
17
Q
The nurse researcher is examining research that was developed by the discipline of anthropology for investigating cultures through an in-depth study of the members of the culture. This is known as which type of research?
A
ethnographic research
18
Q
A study is entitled, “The Use of Massage as an Intervention for Decreasing Low Back Pain.” Based on this title, how would the nurse appraise this type of research?
A
quasi-experimental research
19
Q
Braden developed a scale to assess a patient’s risk for developing a pressure ulcer. Patients admitted to a hospital are assessed for their risk of pressure ulcer development and are provided interventions to prevent ulcers. This is an example of knowledge that can be used to ___________ outcomes in practice.
A
control
20
Q
A nurse researcher conducted a study to describe the experience of living with chronic pain. What type of study best generates this type of knowledge?
A
phenomenological study
21
Q
A nurse conducted a study to determine the patient and financial outcomes for using a particular type of treatment protocol for managing pressure ulcers. Based on this description, how would the nurse appraise this type of study?
A
outcomes study
22
Q
The inductive research technique used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon is called:
A
grounded theory
23
Q
An experienced nurse was caring for a patient following surgery and had a gut-level feeling that the patient was going to have severe complications. This way of acquiring knowledge is best described as:
A
intuition
24
Q
A nursing student in a BSN program is required to take a research course before graduation. Which of the following learning outcomes will the nursing student acquire?
A
critique research articles for clinical usefulness
25
The nurse researcher is critically appraising a research study. Which of the following statements best describes a critique of research?
careful examination of a study to evaluate its strengths, limitations, meanings, and significance
26
The nurse manager is charged with reviewing a patient satisfaction survey to determine the effectiveness of nursing care. This is an example of which type of research?
outcomes research
27
The nursing mentor is providing a lecture on the types of nursing research. As a new nurse researcher you understand that quantitative research differs from qualitative research in the following ways: (Select all that apply.)
the results of quantitative research may be generalized to the population from which the same was drawn, but qualitative research is not, strictly speaking, generalized
quantitative research provides answers to "what" and who questions, and qualitative research focuses more on "how" and "why" questions
28
The nurse researcher determines that published research is qualitative if it demonstrates which characteristic?
it present results as a narrative
29
The nurse manager collects data about hours worked, age, sex, and geographic area of the nursing staff over a 10-year period. What type of research would this be considered?
descriptive
30
A staff nurse is interested in the infection rates for patients who have indwelling Foley catheters. What is the next step in the research process?
conducting the literature review
31
The nurse researcher is involved in selecting a sample for a research study on staffing ratios. Which statement best describes the difference between a population and a sample?
a population is usually larger than a sample
32
The nurse researcher conducts a literature review and discovers a research article entitled, "The Effect of Massage to Decrease Musculoskeletal Pain: an Intervention Study." Based on this title, what type of research was employed for this study?
applied
33
In comparing the nursing process and research process, one can say that the evaluation and modification step of the nursing process has similarities with which of the following steps of the research process?
outcomes and dissemination of findings
34
The nurse researcher is conducting a research study in a highly controlled environment. This is an example of what type of study?
experimental
35
A nurse researcher studied parenting behavior of new parents. The researcher conducted observations and interviews with the parents in their home. What type of setting was used for this study?
field setting
36
A nurse researcher was studying the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation program on the heart rate, respiratory rate, and functional status of patients 2 months after a myocardial infarction. The study was conducted in the rehabilitation center where the researcher controlled the consistent implementation of the treatment. What type of setting was used for this study?
partially controlled
37
The purpose of a study was to identify caring behavior desired by patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This purpose statement indicates that this is probably a/an:
descriptive study
38
The nurse researcher states "People want to maintain control of their own health problems." This is an example of which of the following?
assumption
39
A nurse researcher was summarizing the research to determine the latest technique for giving intramuscular (IM) injections. The researcher summarized what was known and not known about giving IM injections. This is an example of ________ sources.
synthesizing
40
The nurse researcher is conducting a lecture series on how to report research findings. The researcher begins with an overview of the four major parts most often included in a research report. Which of the following would be included in this overview?
introduction, methods, results, and discussion
41
The nurse researcher is conducting a lecture series on how to report research findings. A participant raises her hand and asks "In which section would I include the implications of the findings for nursing and the recommendations for further research?" What is the researcher's best response?
the discussion section
42
The nurse researcher is conducting a lecture series on how to report research findings. A participant raises his or her hand and asks "Which section in the research report would one read to obtain a clear, concise summary of the study?" What is the researcher's best response?
abstract
43
A nurse researcher developed a descriptive correlational blueprint for conducting a study to examine hopelessness and anxiety in patients who are diagnosed with breast cancer. This statement clarifies which of the following steps of the research process?
design
44
The nurse researcher is implementing a treatment of a low-calorie diet to determine the impact of the diet on body weight. This is an example of what type of study?
quasi-experimental
45
The nurse researcher is skimming research studies to find the study with the highest control. Which of the following samples would yield the least bias?
randomly assigns subjects to a treatment and control group
46
The nurse researcher is searching the literature for a study that examines the relationships between two or more variables. Which type of research is the nurse seeking?
correlational
47
The nurse researcher is searching the literature for a study that examines the examination of cause and effect relationships in partially controlled settings. Which type of research is the nurse seeking?
quasi-experimental
48
The nurse researcher is searching the literature for a study that examines a new area of research where little information is available. Which type of research is the nurse seeking?
descriptive
49
The nurse researcher is searching the literature for a study that is highly controlled study that is often conducted in a laboratory setting. Which type of research is the nurse seeking?
experimental
50
The nurse knows that __________________ is conducted to generate and refine theory, and is frequently not directly useful in practice.
basic research
51
The nurse on a medical surgical unit would like to use the research process to find a solution to the current infection rates for postsurgical patients. Which type of research would be employed?
applied research
52
Which of the following is true about qualitative research?
focus is on studying the "whole"
53
Data for qualitative studies are:
based on words rather than #'s
54
Which of the following is not a common data collection method in qualitative research?
obtaining written surveys
55
The nursing researcher is conducting a qualitative research study. The nurse researcher believes there are multiple perceptions of reality. This belief is known as:
worldview
56
The new nurse researcher is comparing the difference between the rigors of qualitative research and quantitative research. Which components would be included in the rigor for qualitative research?
openness and adherence to the philosophical orientation
57
The research question of a phenomenological study of the birth of a first child might be which of the following?
what is the meaning of one's lived experiences of having a 1st child?
58
Grounded theory is based on the belief that:
group life is based on consensus and shared meaning
59
Audibility is similar to which step of the qualitative research process?
data analysis
60
The stage of qualitative data analysis in which the researcher attaches meaning to elements of the data is:
description
61
A researcher is analyzing data from a study describing the sequential key events of a patient's account of his or her stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). This type of analysis best describes:
narrative analysis
62
An article entitled, "The Lived Experiences of Perinatal Loss," would most likely describe which form of quantitative research?
phenomenology
63
An article entitled, "The Basic Process of Elder Parenting," best describes which type of research?
grounded theory
64
An article entitled, "The Enculturalization of Nursing Students: on Becoming Timely," best describes which type of research?
ethnography
65
An article entitled, "The Importance of the End-of-Shift Reporting: the Art of Storytelling," best describes which type of research?
narrative analysis
66
One criterion not usually found in participant selection in qualitative studies is:
random selection of participants
67
What best describes the relationship between researcher and participant in a qualitative study?
colleagues
68
The primary data collection method used by qualitative researchers is:
observation
69
Data management in qualitative studies can involve:
all of the above
coding data using categories, colored pens, and notes in the margin
entering data into a computer
organizing and storing notes on small bits of paper
70
A nurse wishes to study the traditions within the profession. Which type of qualitative research would provide the best approach?
ethnography
71
Qualitative research examining storytelling uses which of the following methods?
analyzing
72
Storytelling is analyzed using which of the following methods?
narrative analysis
73
The research method that describes experiences as they are lived is called:
phenomenology
74
Match the definition with the type of research. Investigating data to arrive at conclusions based on real-life behaviors:
grounded theory research
75
Studies of human life experiences
phenomenological research
76
Descriptive study involving subculture attributes
ethnographic research
77
Studies that scientifically examine specific events from the past:
historical research
78
A nurse researcher is conducting an outcomes research study and would like to focus on patient care. Which outcome would be most valuable to examine?
evaluation
79
Which of the following unethical studies involved deliberately infecting children with the hepatitis virus?
willow-brook study
80
Which of the following unethical studies involved the U.S. Public Health Service studying syphilis in African American men over a 40-year period of time?
tuskegee study
81
Mary Jane Smith is mentally retarded and has been asked to participate in a study. Her diminished autonomy must be managed if she is to participate in a study. This characteristic is directly linked to which of the following human rights?
self-determination
82
Which of the following potential research subjects have diminished autonomy and are incompetent to give informed consent?
children
83
When a subject's identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual response, this subject is said to have which of the following?
anonymity
84
A nurse is conducting a study of the effectiveness of a pain medication following surgery. The treatment group is given the pain medication and the comparison group is given a placebo pill. Thus the subjects did not know whether they were in the treatment or comparison group. This is an example of which of the following?
complete and/or incomplete disclosure
85
Which of the following is not part of balancing benefits and risks for a study?
eliminating all risk of the study
86
A nurse was conducting a study of the lipid levels in a group of Hispanic women. All subjects were given the values of their lipids (high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and total cholesterol) and their cardiovascular (CV) risk level. This is an example of which of the following?
benefits of the study
87
Which of the following are essential element(s) of informed consent?
all of the above
Competency to give consent
Comprehension of essential study information
Disclosure of essential information regarding the study
88
Subjects with diminished autonomy require what type of documentation of informed consent?
formal written consent form
89
A study that involved a chart review to obtain information about a patient's smoking history, age, gender, and incidence of cardiovascular disease would probably require which of the following types of review by an institutional review board (IRB)?
exempt from review
90
Selected behaviors are considered scientific misconduct in conducting a study. What type of scientific misconduct involves the intentional representation of the work or ideas of others as one's own?
plagiarism
91
Researchers exaggerated the number of subjects in their study and indicated that their sample size was 100 when it was only 50. This is an example of what type of scientific misconduct?
fabrication or falsification of study steps
92
Which ethical code or regulation had a major focus on differentiating therapeutic research from nontherapeutic research?
declaration of Helsinki
93
In 1978 the Belmont Report identified three important ethical principles that continue to guide the conduct of ethical research today. Which principle encourages the researcher to "do good and above all do no harm"?
beneficence
94
In qualitative research, the researcher does not identify the subject by name in the typed transcripts from the interviews with the subject. Sometimes information about the subjects is changed slightly when the study is published. The researcher is most likely taking these actions to:
protect the subjects from a breach of confidentiality
95
A homeless person was offered $100 to participate as a subject in a study. This large amount of money might be considered:
coercion
96
Match the description with the essential information considered when researchers obtain informed consent from potential participants. Prospective subjects should know the extent to which their responses and records will be kept confidential.
competency to give consent
97
Match the description with the essential information considered when researchers obtain informed consent from potential participants. Description of any benefits to the subjects or to other people or future patients that may reasonably be expected from the research:
offer to answer questions
98
Match the description with the essential information considered when researchers obtain informed consent from potential participants. Sharing descriptions of appropriate alternative procedures of courses of treatment with potential benefit to the subjects:
disclosure of alternatives
99
Match the description with the essential information considered when researchers obtain informed consent from potential participants. Prospective subjects receive a complete description of the procedures to be followed and identification of any procedures that are experimental in the study.
consent to incomplete disclosure
100
Match the description with the essential information considered when researchers obtain informed consent from potential participants. The researcher offers to answer any questions the prospective subjects may have.
offer to answer ?'s
101
Edel and colleagues (1998) learned that "[t]he area under the nails and the area around the nail beds harbor large numbers of organisms even after vigorous cleansing and scrubbing . . . Furthermore, nails and the cuticles are subject to many different conditions and infections, particularly fungal . . . A limited number of studies have been conducted to determine the relationship of artificial nails to bacterial colonization" (p. 54). This is an example of which of the following?
research problem
102
Use the following excerpt of a published study to answer the question: Edel and colleagues (1998) stated that their study was conducted "to determine whether differences exist in the presence and type of microbes found on the nails and nail beds of OR (operating room) personnel with natural, polished, or artificial nails before and after a 5-minute surgical scrub" (p. 55). This is an example of which of the following?
research purpose
103
Use the following excerpt of a published study to answer the question: Which of the following correctly identifies a variable in the above study? The:
presence and type of microbes are dependent variables
104
Examining the researcher's expertise, money commitment, availability of subjects, and the study's ethical considerations are important in critiquing which of the following?
fearsibility of the study
105
A nurse is conducting a study that addresses one of the research priorities identified by the National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR), which is an example of a/n:
significant study for nursing
106
In some studies, researchers make a formal statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables in a specified population. This formal statement is a:
hypothesis
107
Hypothesis: Patients with cancer using guided-imagery relaxation have less reported pain, use fewer pain medications, and have less reported anxiety than those cancer patients not using a relaxation technique. Which of the following best describes this hypothesis?
complex, causal, research hypothesis
108
Hypothesis: Patients with cancer using guided-imagery relaxation have less reported pain, use fewer pain medications, and have less reported anxiety than those cancer patients not using a relaxation technique. What is the independent variable in the above hypothesis?
guided imagery relaxation
109
Hypothesis: Patients with cancer using guided-imagery relaxation have less reported pain, use fewer pain medications, and have less reported anxiety than those cancer patients not using a relaxation technique. Reported pain was determined by having the patients complete an instrument entitled perception of pain scale. This is an example of:
operational definition
110
A researcher conducted a study to "(1) describe the heart rate and perception of pain of adults having an IV started before surgery and (2) to explore their satisfaction with care before surgery." This is an example of which of the following?
research objectives
111
If a study was conducted "to describe the heart rate and perception of pain of adults having an IV started before surgery," what type of variable is heart rate?
research
112
The following hypothesis was stated in a study: "Nurses with more experience in caring for patients with HIV have lower fear of HIV contagion." Which of the following best describes this hypothesis?
simple, associative, non-directional, hypothesis
113
Many studies describe the age, ethnic background, and gender of the subjects. These are examples of what type of variables?
demographic
114
A study focused on "the lived experience of being critically ill in an intensive care unit." This is an example of which of the following?
qualitative study purpose
115
The purpose of a quantitative study was to examine the effects of biofeedback on hypertension in African Americans. Which of the following statements is accurate?
HTN is the dependent variable
116
Identify the type of hypothesis in this example: "Patients using biofeedback have lower systolic and diastolic pressures than those not using biofeedback."
complex, causal, directional, hypothesis
117
In the hypothesis "Patients using biofeedback have lower systolic and diastolic pressures than those not using biofeedback." What type of variable is biofeedback?
independent
118
A study examined the effect of biofeedback on blood pressure in African Americans. Tight clothing and crossing of legs can increase blood pressure. What type of variables are these two attributes?
extraneous
119
Identify the type of hypothesis presented in this example: "Children from low-income families experience more parental abuse."
simple, associative, directional hypothesis
120
Lange, J. W. (2002). Patient identification of caregivers' titles: do they know who you are? Applied Nursing Research,15(1), 11-18. "This study investigated patients' ability to identify licensed nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) and whether this knowledge is related to satisfaction with care." (p. 11) What type of variable is satisfaction with care?
research
121
The study hypothesis was: "Patients' satisfaction would vary with their ability to recall the names and job titles of their caregivers." (pp. 11-12) What type of hypothesis is this?
complex, associative, non-directional hypothesis
122
What is the research variable in the research question, "Is there a relationship between anxiety levels of baccalaureate nursing students and their test scores on the nursing research final examination?"
anxiety levels
123
In the following hypothesis statement, "Students with a 'C' average who receive tutoring on an individual basis are more compliant with studying than those who receive tutoring in a group setting," Which is the independent variable?
type of tutoring
124
The greater the degree of sleep deprivation, the higher the anxiety level of critical care patients. Which of the following classifications best fits this hypothesis?
associative, directional
125
Perceived control over health is the score on the questionnaire assessing the extent to which elders feel their health is under their own control. This is an example of which of the following types of definitions?
operational
126
What is the primary purpose for reviewing the literature in quantitative research?
gain a broad understanding of the info available related to a problem
127
What type of source is written by the person who originated it or is responsible for generating the ideas?
primary
128
Which of the following databases is the most helpful in locating research sources that might be summarized for use in nursing practice?
CINAHL
129
A primary step in appraising a literature review is to evaluate the:
relevance of the sources cited
130
Which section of the literature review includes a concise presentation of the current knowledge base for a clinical practice problem, including what is known and not known?
summary
131
While critiquing a review of the literature, the reader notes a citation with an author's name that differs from the name of the originating source. The reader recognizes this as an example of what type of publication?
secondary
132
Grounded theorists review the literature to:
explain, support, and extend the theory generated in the study
133
At what point during a study does a qualitative researcher using a phenomenological approach review the literature?
during generation of the research report
134
Which type of qualitative research involves reviewing the literature before the study to provide a background for conducting the study, as in quantitative research?
ethnography
135
Match the purpose of the literature review with the type of qualitative research. The review of the literature is done early in the research process to provide a general understanding of the variables to be examined in a selected culture.
ethnographic research
136
Match the purpose of the literature review with the type of qualitative research. Use the literature to explain, support, and extend the theory generated in the study.
grounded theory research
137
Match the purpose of the literature review with the type of qualitative research. Review the literature to develop research questions and to use as a source of data.
phenomenological research
138
The nurse researcher understands which of the following is a concept?
restlessness
139
The nurse researcher is trying to determine if a framework is needed. Which of the following statements is true?
frameworks are necessary in health-care related studies
140
Of the following critique questions, which one is not related to the framework?
was the framework stated in the study purpose?
141
Why would a nurse researcher use a theory in research?
all of the above
To interpret findings in relation to the theory
To spell out the logic for the design of a study
To test the accuracy of theoretical ideas
142
The nurse researcher understands that conceptual models are:
all of the above
more abstract than theories.
not testable through research.
the basis for theories.
143
The nurse researcher understands that a framework is:
a brief explanation of a theory
144
Most theories used in nursing studies are derived from:
other disciplines
145
The nurse researcher knows that a theory is tested by:
testing the accuracy of its propositions
146
In critiquing a framework, which of the following is an important question to ask?
were the study findings related to the framework?
147
In critiquing a framework, an important question to ask is if the:
all of the above
hypotheses, research questions, or objectives emerged from theory propositions.
methodology was sufficient to test the framework.
truth or falsity of the framework propositions were tested.
148
Which type of quantitative study would be expected to have the best developed theoretical framework?
experimental
149
A researcher theorizes that walking three times per week will minimize the likelihood of premature labor in at-risk pregnant women. The researcher initiates a research program to test this theory. This research study is attempting to validate what aspect of theory?
strategies for controlling outcomes
150
Which of the following is true about the relationship between a study framework and the hypotheses?
the framework and hypotheses must be congruent with each other
151
Which of the following is an example of a theory from a physiological background that is used by nurses as a framework for nursing studies?
gate control theory of pain
152
Which of the following statements is true regarding the connection of theory to qualitative research?
Qualitative research:
can guide or be derived from theory
153
Which of the following questions should a reviewer ask when critiquing a study's framework?
how are the concepts defined?
154
When critiquing a study, the following statement is noted: "Women will experience less anxiety while undergoing a mammogram after the proposed educational program." Which type of statement is it?
hypothesis
155
Which of the following techniques can a reviewer use for assistance when critiquing a published study in the area of theory and research frameworks?
creating a conceptual map of the concepts as described in the study
156
The nurse understands that a ________ is an integrated set of defined concepts and statements that can describe, explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.
theory
157
The nurse understands that a ____________ broadly explains phenomena of interest, expresses assumptions, and reflects a philosophical stance.
conceptual framework
158
The nurse understands that ___________ are specifically designed to theoretically propose specific approaches to particular nursing practice situations.
practice theories
159
The nurse understands that _____________ can be developed and tested using laws and principles and applying them to nursing problems.
propositions
160
___________ are terms that abstractly describe and name an object, idea, experience, or phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate identity or meaning.
concepts
