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Evidence Based Practice > EBP1 Week 3 Material > Flashcards

EBP1 Week 3 Material Flashcards

Research Studies, RCTs and Confounding, [Non]Probability, Experimental Design, Critical Appraisal

1
Q

What are the three types of statistical studies?

A

Sample Study, Observational Study, Experimental Study

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2
Q

What is the function of a sample study?

A

To estimate value of a parameter for a population by taking a random sample of it

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3
Q

What is the function of an observational study?

A

Understand how two parameters in a population relate to one another

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4
Q

What is the function of an experimental study?

A

Establish cause and effect (the basis of SM)

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5
Q

What two groups are created in an experimental study?

A

Control and Experimental

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6
Q

Was is the definition of bias in an experimental study?

A

Error in methodology that results in a systematic deviation of results away from the “truth”

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7
Q

What is the meaning behind Lost to Follow Up?

A

Missing participants and figuring out how that affects your results

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8
Q

What is, more or less, the most important component to an experimental study?

A

Random Assignment

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9
Q

Define a confounding variable.

A

an alternative explanation on an observed relationship (Shark attacks = ice cream sales)

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10
Q

What is the population in a study?

A

Persons, objects, events that meet the criteria

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11
Q

What is the target population?

A

The larger population to whom results would be generalized to

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12
Q

What is the accessible population?

A

The actual population available to be chosen for study

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13
Q

Differentiate between sampling bias and sampling error.

A

Sampling bias is systematically misrepresenting population while sampling error is randomly misrepresenting the population

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14
Q

What are the key differences between probability samples and nonprobability samples?

A

Probability samples are randomly chosen, can generalized to a population, can estimate sampling error while nonprobability is the opposite

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15
Q

What are the four types of probability sampling?

A

Simple random, Stratified random, Systematic, and Cluster

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16
Q

What is a systematic probability sample?

A

Selecting certain one (ex: every 10th person)

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17
Q

What is a stratified random probability sample?

A

Specifying a number from each category

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18
Q

What is a cluster probability sample?

A

Multilayer/Stage

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19
Q

What are the five types of non-probability sampling?

A

convenience, consecutive, volunteers, quota, purposive

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20
Q

What is a convenience NP sample?

A

Basis of availability

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21
Q

What is a consecutive NP sample?

A

Recruiting all people to meet criteria

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22
Q

What is a volunteer type NP sample? Or better, how does one promote one?

A

Flyers/ads

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23
Q

What is a quota NP sample?

A

Specifying a certain number to each category but not at random

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24
Q

What is a purposive type NP sample?

A

Subjects were hand-picked by specific criteria (case series)

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25
Name the four types of experimental research trials discussed in this section.
Randomized Trial, Clinicial Trial, RCT, Randomized clinical trial
26
What is the purpose of experimental research?
To make inferences on cause and effect
27
What is an extraneous variable?
A factor not related to the purpose of a variable
28
What is another name for an extraneous variable?
Nuisance variable
29
What happens to an extraneous variable if it is uncontrolled?
Can become a confounding variable
30
What is experimental research designed to control for?
Confounding variables
31
What is the most effective design strategy for ruling out extraneous variables?
Use of control group
32
What are the three essential components of experimental research?
1. Include a control/comparison group 2. IV is manipulated by the experimenter 3. subjects are randomly assigned to groups
33
What is the meaning behind random assignment?
Each subject having an equal chance of being assigned to any group
34
What is an important component of random assignment?
Concealing allocation (sealed envelopes, locked cabinets)
35
What does blinding control?
bias
36
Who are the four types of people that can be blinded?
1. patient 2. treater 3. measurer 4. data analyzers
37
What are the two types of blinding?
Single blind and double blind
38
What is single blinding?
Measurers/outcome assessors are blinded
39
What is double blinding?
Measurers/Outcome assessors and patients are blinded
40
What component of an experiment must be equal across all groups?
Intervention
41
What are the two ways to account for missing data?
Per protocol analysis and Intention to Treat Analysis
42
Discuss Per Protocol Analysis.
You analyze the people who completed the study (toss out, more or less)
43
Discuss Intent to Treat Analysis.
You analyze the group that they were assigned to and impute/estimate missing data but you do not discard them. *important to try to find out why subject went missing*
44
Discuss the five design strategies for controlling inter-subject differences (cofounders).
1. make variables homogenous (only 2 groups, divide by age, sex) 2. Build into study as IV (m/f, age blocks) 3. matching (age and sex) 4. Using subjects as their own control (within-subject design) 5. Analysis of covariance (statistically adjust DV based on differences in covariate)
45
What are the four types of experimental design validity?
External, Construct, Internal, Statistical Conclusion
46
Which two types of experimental design validity were discussed to be the most important?
Internal and External
47
What are the threats to external validity? [3]
Selection (sample doesn't represent pop), setting (what setting it took place e.g. military v. civilian), History (how long ago was study completed?)
48
What is the meaning behind internal validity?
Is there a causal relationship between IV and DV
49
What is the meaning behind external validity?
Can the results be generalized to other people, settings, times?
50
What is the meaning behind construct validity?
What theoretic constructs can be generalized?
51
What is the meaning behind statistical conclusion validity?
What is the relationship between IV and DV?
52
What are the five types of experimental design?
True experimental, Quasi-experimental, Designs for independent groups, designs for repeated measures, RCTs, Mixed Design
53
Which type of design is considered to be the gold standard?
RCT
54
What is a true experimental study?
IV is manipulated by researcher, random assignment into at least two groups
55
What is a quasi-experimental study?
May lack randomization and comparison group, they accommodate for limitations of natural settings where random assignment isn't available/ethical
56
What is between-subjects design?
Different people in each level of IV (Independent Groups)
57
What are the two types between subjects design?
Single-factor and Multi-factor
58
What are the two types of single-factor design?
Pretest-Posttest and Posttest only
59
What are the advantages to posttest only?
Less laborious and costly, appropriate when pretest is impractical and may skew results
60
What are the disadvantages to posttest only?
You do not know if the groups were equivalent at baseline
61
What are the ways to measure multi-factor designs? [3]
1. Interaction effect (do scores of A depend on levels of B) 2. Randomized block (one IV is controlled) 3. Multi-factor (2 or more IVs what is the interaction between the levels of ABC)
62
What are the three types of within- subjects design?
1. single factor 2. crossover 3. multifactoral
63
Describe single factor within-subjects design.
Subjects are exposed to all levels of IV (they get all treatments), no control group. Downside: outcome may depend on the order of measurement (order effects) so to combat that: randomize the order, counterbalance, or use Latin square
64
Describe the crossover design of repeated measures.
Special type of single factor - used when 2 levels of IV and condition is stable over time. Two groups: receive A then B and vice versa. Also affected by order effect so use washout period (sufficient period of time to eliminate effects of treatment)
65
Describe the multifactoral Within Subjects Design.
subjects exposed to two or more IVs
66
Describe a Mixed Design.
At least one IV is within-subjects and one IV is between subjects
67
When it comes to interventional studies, what two things do researchers often distinguish between?
Efficacy and Effectiveness
68
What is efficacy?
Benefit of an intervention in a highly controlled environment (vs standard)
69
What is effectiveness?
Benefit of an intervention to under pragmatic "real-world" conditions
70
What are the three steps in critical appraisal?
Are the results valid? What are the results? Will the results help care for my patients?
71
What are the seven questions you need to ask about an article to determine its validity?
1. were they randomly assigned? 2. What allocation concealed? 3. Were baseline groups similar 4. Was Intention to Treat analysis used? 5. Was Follow up sufficiently long and complete? 6. Were patients, clinicians, study personnel blinded? 7. Was intervention equal/were all groups treated equally?

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