Week 4 Content

Question 1

What is a quasi-experiment?

Answer 1

Similar to experimental design but lacks either a control group, random assignment, or both

Question 2

What are the two type of designs for quasi-experiments?

Answer 2

One-group design, multigroup deisng

Question 3

What are the types of one group design of quasi-experiments?

Answer 3

One group pretest-postest/one way repeated measures and time series design

Question 4

What are the possible patterns of one-group design?

Answer 4

Sample study -> pretest -> intervention -> posttest. OR. Sample study -> pretest -> intervention -> Posttest 1 -? Posttest 2. OR. Sample study -> pretest -> intervention -> posttest 1 -> intervention ->posttest 2

Question 5

What does the one group design have threats to internal validity?

Answer 5

History, maturation, statistical regression, instrumentation (anything else that could be causing the change)

Question 6

What is a times series design?

Answer 6

Multiple pretests and posttests act as a pseudocontrol condition

Question 7

Describe the pattern of a time series design.

Answer 7

Sample study -> Prestest 1->2->3 -> intervention -> Postest 1->2->3

Question 8

What are the types of multigroup design?

Answer 8

Nonquivalent pretest-postest control group and historical contents AND Nonequivalent posttest only design

Question 9

Describe the Nonequivalent pretest-postest Design.

Answer 9

Experimental group -> pretest -> intervention -> posttest and control group -> pretest -> nothing/placebo -> Posttest

Question 10

What are the advantages to the nonequivalent pretest-postest design?

Answer 10

Use of control group has some control over internal validity, test equivalency of groups based on prescores

Question 11

What are the ethical concerns of nonquivalent pretest-postest design?

Answer 11

Lack of randomization

Question 12

Describe the Nonequivalent posttest only design.

Answer 12

Experimental group -> intervention -> postest and control group -> nothing/placebo -> posttest

Question 13

What are the disadvantages to the nonequivalent posttest only design?

Answer 13

No knowledge of baseline, no way to test equivalency of groups based on prescores

Question 14

What do single-subject designs allow for?

Answer 14

Cause and effect inferences

Question 15

Why are cause and effect inferences allowed in a single subject study?

Answer 15

Rigorous planning and control phase

Question 16

Which type of research design is individualistic?

Answer 16

Single subject

Question 17

What is the IV for a single subject design?

Answer 17

Treatment (levels are the phases)

Question 18

What is the dependent variable for a single subject design?

Answer 18

Patient response

Question 19

How do single subject studies differ from case studies?

Answer 19

Repeat measurements and design phases

Question 20

What does the baseline phase of a single subject design evaluate for?

Answer 20

Stability and trend

Question 21

What is stability in a study?

Answer 21

little variability

Question 22

What is a trend in a study?

Answer 22

Indication that change is occuring without intervention

Question 23

What are the two types of single subject design studies?

Answer 23

AB design, ABA design

Question 24

What is the AB design?

Answer 24

baseline phase and treatment phase

Question 25

What is the ABA design?

Answer 25

Baseline phase + treatment phase + baseline phase

Question 26

What are the advantages of AB design?

Answer 26

Can observe changes between

Question 27

What are the disadvantages of the AB design?

Answer 27

Unsure if B was due to some confounding variable

Question 28

What are the advantages of the ABA design?

Answer 28

can determine if A really caused B since target behavior should return to baseline

Question 29

What are the disadvantages of the ABA design?

Answer 29

Behavior must be reversible

Question 30

What is the data analysis based on in a single subject study?

Answer 30

Visual trends, variability assessment

Question 31

What is the purpose of exploratory/observational studies?

Answer 31

To look for relationships

Question 32

What type of research is the data collected as they exist?

Answer 32

Observational

Question 33

What type of research is the investigation of relationships between two or more variables?

Answer 33

Exploratory

Question 34

What is the meaning of a longitudinal study?

Answer 34

Has a time component

Question 35

What is a cross-sectional study?

Answer 35

One time point

Question 36

What is a retrospective study?

Answer 36

Type of longitudinal study that looks back in time

Question 37

What is a prospective study?

Answer 37

Type of longitudinal study that looks forward in time

Question 38

What is a correlation study?

Answer 38

based on covariation, does not imply causation but finds a relationship

Question 39

What is a case control/cohort study?

Answer 39

Intented to study risk factors, establish an association between disease and exposure

Question 40

What are the key differences in case control studies and cohort studies?

Answer 40

Case control: based on if they do or do not have disorder, examine if exposure is different, works well for rare conditions, retrospective. Cohort? Subjects based on exposure of not, usually prospective, examine if different incidence of disease, doesn't work well for rare conditions

Question 41

What are the 5 criteria to be met for an observational study to provide evidence for cause and effect?

Answer 41

1. time sequence 2. strength of association 3. biologic credibility 4. consistency 5. dose-response relationship

Question 42

What is methodological research?

Answer 42

Clinical applications and foundational to future research

Question 43

What is secondary analysis?

Answer 43

using existing database to examine relationships between variables

Question 44

What are the types of descriptive research?

Answer 44

Natural history, normative studies, qualitative, surveys, and case studies

Question 45

What is a case study?

Answer 45

a single case report or case series

Question 46

What are the characteristics of a case study?

Answer 46

Usually retrospective, less standardized and controlled, doesn't meet the IRB definition of research, less internal validity, often external validity is "cherry picked"

Question 47

What are the four purposes of descriptive research?

Answer 47

1. understanding unusual conditions 2. examples of innovative or creative therapies 3. generating and testing theory 4. providing future research directives

Question 48

What is qualitative research?

Answer 48

Finding out why, who, where, when, how as apposed to how much?, just meant to understand a phenomenon. done via observation, interview, focus group, survey