ECE 111-Child development study Flashcards
(45 cards)
Whats theory?
-A theory allows us to predict and explain human behaviour.
What is the history of child development?
Children were seen as evil and discipline was seen as harsh. Children were considered property and servants. At the age of 7 children were considered the age of reason and expected to work.
What is Nature?
Nature is when children’s characteristics, traits, and personalities are influenced by their genetics.
What is Nurture?
Nurture is when children’s characteristics, traits, and personalities are influenced by their experiences with the environment.
What is the Pioneers in Child Development?
Darwin: Theory of Evolution, Kept a “baby diary” of infant son.
Hall: Credited with the founding of child
development as an academic discipline. Labelled adolescence a time of “storm and stress”
Binet and Simon
Developed first standardized
intelligence testing to help identify
academically “at risk” school children in France
What is classical conditioning?
Associative learning
where neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally produced by another natural stimulus
What is operant conditioning?
Consequences of behaviour
can affect future occurrences of behaviour
What is reinforcement?
consequences that increase the
future likelihood of the behaviour it follows
What is Positive reinforcement?
Adding something and the behaviour will repeat.
What is Negative reinforcement?
Taking something away from the child and the behaviour repeats.
What is a punishment?
the consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour being demonstrated
What is Psychoanalysis development?
Psychoanalysis is
largely determined by how well people resolve unconscious conflicts that occur
during development.
What is Psychosexual development?
Psychosexual development Focuses on emotional and social development and origins of personality traits.
What are the 3 Parts of personality?
-Id= Ruled by pleasure/pain
principle
-Ego= tries to realistically meet the demands of the Id
-Superego= Ruled by the reality
principle – voices in society – moral agent of personality.
What is cognitive development?
how children think, explore and figure things out.
What are the stages of cognitive development?
-Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years old)
-Preoperational stage (2–7 years old)
-Concrete operational stage (7–11 years old)
-Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood)
What is schema?
Schema is when patterns of action or mental structure are involved in acquiring and organizing knowledge.
What is accommodation?
Accommodation is adjusting or creating new schemes when something doesn’t fit the old scheme.
What is assimilation?
Assimilation is when we respond to new objects or events using existing schemes.
What is scaffolding?
Scaffolding is the Temporary skeletal structure enabling
someone to work on a permanent structure
What is Banduras Learning through observation?
children imitate each other because they observe the actions of others and copy them
What is Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Theory on Ecological Systems?
Uries theory is the child as surrounded by four circles, each representing a different set of factors that influence the child.
What are the four circles that represent a set of factors that influence the child?
1: Microsystem= closest to the child; the child has
the most direct contact with these people(ex. family)
2: Mesosystem: provides connections within the
child’s microsystem (ex. childcare with parents)
3:Exosystem: larger social system in which the child
may not directly interact with but may have contact
with through their microsystem(ex. Extended family)
4:Macrosystem: outer system which impacts the
child through the other systems surrounding them(ex. attitudes, beliefs)
5:Chronosystem (around the macrosystem): aspects
of time that can impact or influence the child (ex. as
children age, they interact or react differently to
aspects of their environment)
What are the types of Developmental research?
-Naturalistic observation=These studies are conducted in “the field” and “real-life” settings: homes, schools, playgrounds, etc. Researchers observe the natural behaviour of the subjects.
- Case study= A careful in-depth account of the behaviour
of a single individual. It may include direct observations,
questionnaires, standardized tests, and interviews or information from public records. - Correlation= investigators examine relations
between variables as they occur. A variable can change or be inconsistent during the
experiment and can impact findings. - Experiment= A scientific procedure. Usually undertaken to prove a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a proposed answer to a question that the researcher seeks to prove
either right or wrong. - Longitudinal= Seeks to study development over time. Same people are observed repeatedly over time ensuring valid comparisons the changes are recorded.
