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ECG basics Flashcards

1
Q

What three types of abnormalities are detected by an ECG?

A

Conduction abnormalities
Structural abnormalities
Perfusion abnormalities

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2
Q

What are the three main advantages of conducting an ECG?

A

Relatively cheap and easy to undertake

Reproducible between people and centres

Quick turnaround on results/report.

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3
Q

What is the definition of a vector?

A

A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction

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4
Q

What does a downwards deflection represent in an ECG?

A

Downwards deflections are towards the anode

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5
Q

What does an upward deflection represent in an ECG?

A

Towards the cathode

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6
Q

What does the width of a a deflection denote in an ECG?

A

Denotes the duration of the event

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7
Q

What does the steepness of an ECG line denote?

A

The velocity of an action potential.

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8
Q

What does an isoelectric ECG line represent?

A

Represents no net change in voltage (vectors are perpendicular to the lead).

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9
Q

What does the p wave represent?

A

Electrical signal that stimulates contraction of the atria (atrial systole).
Autorythmic myocytes
Atrial depolarisation

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10
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

The electrical signal that stimulates contraction of the ventricles (ventricular systole)

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11
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

An electrical signal that signifies relaxation of the ventricles (ventricular repolarisation).

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12
Q

What does the PR segment represent?

A 
AVN depolarisation (Isoelectric ECG)
There is slow signal transduction

Protective

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13
Q

Describe the speed of electrical transmission through the Bundle of His?

A

Rapid conduction (insulated)

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14
Q

What type of depolarisation occurs within the bundle branches?

A

Septal depolarisation

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15
Q

What does the Q wave represents?

A

Septal depolarisation

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16
Q

Which fibres are responsible for ventricular depolarisation?

A

Purkinje fibres

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17
Q

Which ECG structure represents the fully depolarised ventricles?

A

ST-segment

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18
Q

Where does lead 1 go from and to?

A

From the right arm to the left arm

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19
Q

Where does lead 2 go to?

A

From the right arm to the left leg

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20
Q

Where does lead two go from and to?

A

From the right arm to the left leg

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21
Q

What is the direction of depolarisation (negative to positive) in lead 1?

A

Right to left (anode to cathode)

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22
Q

Where is V1 placed?

A

Right sternal border in the fourth intercostal space

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23
Q

Where is V2 placed?

A

Left sternal border in the fourth intercostal space.

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24
Q

Where is V3 placed?

A

Halfway between v2 and v4

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25
Where is V4 placed?
In the 5th intercostal space at the mid clavicular line
26
Where is V5 placed?
Anterior axillary line at the level of V4
27
Where is V6 placed?
Mid axillary line at the level of V4.
28
Which electrode is placed in the fourth intercostal space at the mid clavicular line?
V4
29
Which coronary artery is associated with lead 1?
Left circumflex artery
30
Which coronary artery is associated with lead 2?
Right coronary artery
31
Which coronary artery is associated with lead 3?
Right coronary artery
32
Which coronary artery is associated with aVL?
Left circumflex artery
33
Which coronary artery is associated with AvF?
Right coronary artery
34
Which coronary artery is associated with V1?
Left anterior descending artery
35
Which coronary artery is associated with V2?
Left anterior descending artery
36
Which artery is associated with V3?
Right coronary artery
37
Which coronary artery is associated with V4?
Right coronary artery
38
Which coronary artery is associated with v5?
left circumflex artery
39
Which coronary artery is associated with v6?
Left circumflex artery
40
Which ECG leads are associated with the lateral view of the heart?
Lead 1 aVL V5 and V6
41
Which coronary artery is associated with leads of the lateral view of the heart?
left circumflex artery
42
Which ECG leads are associated with the anterior view of the heart?
V4 | V3
43
Which coronary artery is associated with the anterior view of the heart?
Right coronary artery
44
Which ECG leads are associated with the inferior view of the heart?
Lead 2 and lead 3 | AvF
45
Which coronary artery is associated with the inferior view of the heart?
Right coronary artery
46
Which ECG leads are associated with the septal view of the heart?
V1 | V2
47
Which coronary artery is associated with the septal view of the heart?
Left anterior descending artery
48
Which leads are bipolar?
leads 1-3
49
Which leads are located on the limb?
Lead 1-3 AVR AVL AVF
50
Where is the cathode (+) located lead 1?
Left arm
51
What are the pairs of perpendicular leads?
Lead 1 and AVF Lead 2 and AVL Lead 3 and AVR
52
What is the first step of ECG reporting?
Check rate and rhythm (RR)
53
What is the second step of ECG recording (after checking the rate)?
Check p-wave and PR interval
54
What is the third stage of ECG recording (after checking the p-wave and pr interval)?
QRS duration
55
What is step 4 of ECG reporting?
QRS axis (using perpendicular leads and net deflections)
56
What is step 5 of ECG reporting?
Check ST segment
57
What is step 6 of ECG reporting after checking the ST segment?
Check the QT interval
58
what is the final step of ECG reporting?
T wave
59
What is sinus rhythmn?
Each p-wave is followed by a QRS complex (1:1). Rate is regular (R-R intervals even), and normal
60
What is sinus bradycardia?
Each p wave is followed by a QRS complex (1:1). Rate is regular (even R-R intervals) and slow (56bpm) Can be caused by vagal stimulation or muscular heart (reduced heart rate to maintain same cardiac output).
61
What is sinus tachycardia?
Each p-wave is followed by a QRS complex (1:1). Rate is regular (even R-R intervals), and fast (107bpm)> Often physiological
62
What is sinus arrhytmia?
Each p-wave is followed by a QRS wave Rate is irregular (variable R-R intervals), and normal (65-100bpm). R-R intervals varies with breathing cycle
63
Which type of cardiac abnormality is associated with a varying R-R interval with breathing cycles?
Sinus arrhythmia
64
What is atrial fibrillation?
Oscillating baseline given the atria are contracting asynchronously. The rhythm can be irregular and rate may be slow Turbulent flow pattern increases clot risk
65
Which type of cardiac abnormality is associated with an increased risk of embolism?
Atrial fibrillation due to inadequate atrial contraction and pumping of blood.
66
What ECG pattern is commonly seen in atrial flutter?
There is a sawtooth pattern
67
What is atrial flutter?
Regular saw-tooth pattern in baseline (leads II, III, and AVF). Atrial to ventricular beats (2:1 ratio or 3:1 ratio There are p waves without succeeding QRS complexes.
68
What is the atria to ventricular beat ratio in individuals with atrial flutter?
2:1, 3:1 +
69
What is first degree heart block?
The PR segment is inappropriately long, there is impaired conduction through the atrioventricular node to the ventricles. prolongation is caused by slower AV conduction, there is a regular rhythm 1:1 ratio of p-waves to QRS complexes.
70
Which form of heart block is associated with regular prolongation of the PR interval?
First degree heart block
71
What is a mobitz-I heart block?
There is progressive prolongation of the PR interval until a beat is dropped. Majority of p-waves are followed by QRS complex. Regularly irregular, caused by diseased AV node. I.E 75 75 40 75 75 40
72
Which type of heart block is concerned with a progressive prolongation of the PR interval until there is a dropped beat?
Mobitz-I
73
What type of rhythm is exhibited by a Mobitz-I heart block?
Regularly irregular
74
What is a Mobitz-II heart block?
P-waves are regular, however only some are followed by QRS complex There is NO PR prolongation. Regularly irregular
75
Which heart block is associated with no PR prolongation, however partially absent QRS complexes?
Mobitz-II.
76
What is third degree heart block?
P-waves are regular, QRS are regular however there is no relationship Truly non-sinus rhythmn, there is complete AV nodal failure.
77
What is ventricular tachycardia?
P-waves are hidden, given that there is dissociated atrial rhythm. Rate is regular and fast (100-200bpm). Shockable rhythm
78
What is ventricular fibrillation?
Heart is irregular and 250bpm and above Unstable to generate cardiac output. uncoordinated manner, the QRS complexes are irregular, thus there is no coordination of muscular contraction.
79
What causes ST elevation?
Caused by infarction (tissue death caused by hypoperfusion).
80
By what measurement is ST-elevation classified?
>2mm above the isoelectric line
81
What causes ST depression?
Myocardial infarction (coronary insufficiency).

BRS 2 (62 decks)

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