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Sudden Death > ECG Interpretation > Flashcards

ECG Interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves in the heart?

A

Mitral and tricuspid valves = open with ventricular diastole, close with ventricular systole

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2
Q

What are the two semilunar valves in the heart?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves = open with ventricular systole, close with ventricular diastole

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3
Q

Where do the left and right coronary arteries originate?

A

From the coronary ostia = openings at the base of the aorta behind the aortic valve leaflets

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4
Q

When does passive filling of the ventricles take place?

A

During diastole = fill to 70% capacity

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5
Q

What is the normal range for stroke volume?

A

60-130ml

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6
Q

What is preload?

A

Volume and stretch of ventricular myocardium at the end of diastole

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7
Q

What is afterload?

A

Amount of pressure against which the left ventricle must work during systole to open the aortic valve

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8
Q

Where is the brown lead placed?

A

Lower sternum in the 5th intercostal space

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9
Q

Where is the red lead placed?

A

Left mid-axillary line in the 5th intercostal space

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10
Q

Where is the black lead placed?

A

Upper sternum just below the sternal angle

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11
Q

Where is the white lead placed?

A

Right mid-axillary line in 5th intercostal space

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12
Q

Where is the green lead placed?

A

Anywhere

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13
Q

How much time does a small square represent on an ECG?

A

0.04 seconds

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14
Q

How much time does a large square on an ECG represent?

A

0.2 seconds

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15
Q

What are some features of the U wave?

A

Usually not visible
Smaller than the T wave when present
May indicate hypovolaemia

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16
Q

What are some reasons for interference during an ECG?

A

Patient movement, loose or defective electrode, improper grounding, faulty ECG apparatus

17
Q

Where do all sinus rhythms originate from?

A

The SA node

18
Q

What are the variants of sinus rhythm?

A 
Normal sinus rhythm
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus tachycardia
Sinus arrhythmia
Sinus pause
19
Q

What are some examples of circumstances where sinus bradycardia may occur?

A

In athletes, during sleep or in response to a vagal manoeuvre

20
Q

What can sinus tachycardia precipitate?

A

Myocardial ischaemia or infarct

21
Q

How does respiration impact sinus arrhythmias?

A

Rate increase with inspiration and decreases with expiration

22
Q

What is a sinus pause?

A

Transient absence of P waves that lasts anywhere from 2s to several minutes

23
Q

What can be used to treat a sinus pause?

A

Atropine or a pacemaker

24
Q

Where do impulses originate from to cause atrial rhythms?

A

Atrial tissues or internodal pathways

25
Q

What age group is most at risk of developing atrial flutter?

A

Age > 60

26
Q

What is the first line treatment for atrial flutter?

A

Cardioversion

27
Q

What are the atrial rhythms?

A

Atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, premature atrial contraction

28
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia?

A

Atrial fibrillation

29
Q

What drugs can be used to control rate in atrial fibrillation?

A

Digoxin, beta blockers, verapamil

30
Q

What does the term supraventricular tachycardia encompass?

A

All tachycardias where heart rate is > 150 bpm

31
Q

How is a supraventricular tachycardia treated?

A

Vagal manoeuvres or adenosine

32
Q

What is a premature atrial contraction?

A

Not a rhythm but an ectopic beat = may need beta blocker or calcium channel blocker

33
Q

How can you spot a ventricular rhythm on an ECG?

A

Absence of P waves and wide QRS complexes

34
Q

What is the most common ventricular rhythm?

A

Premature ventricular contractions

35
Q

What are the lethal ventricular rhythms?

A 
Idioventricular rhythm
Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
Torsades de pointes
Pulseless electrical activity
Agonal rhythm
Asystole
36
Q

What are the different patterns of premature ventricular contractions?

A 
Ventricular bigeminy = occur every other beat
Ventricular trigeminy
Ventricular quadrigeminy
Couplets
Runs of ventricular tachycardia
37
Q

What is the treatment of choice for premature ventricular contractions?

A

Lidocaine

38
Q

What is the rate of an agonal rhythm?

A

< 20 bpm

39
Q

What is the most common cause of pulseless electrical activity?

A

Hypovolaemia

Sudden Death (10 decks)

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