ECGs

Question 1

broad complex tachycardia with no p waves

Answer 1

VF, VT or SVT

Question 2

narrow complex tachycardia with abnormal or no p waves

Answer 2

supraventricular tachycardia

Question 3

what does a left axis deviation look like

Answer 3

legs apart(1 and 2)

Question 4

what does a right axis deviation look like

Answer 4

legs together ( 1 and 2)

Question 5

what does a bifid P wave sugges

Answer 5

p mitrale
mitral stenosis
LAH

Question 6

what does a peaked p wave suggest

Answer 6

p pulmonale

RAH

Question 7

what does a peaked p wave suggest

Answer 7

p pulmonale

RAH

Question 8

what does a peaked p wave suggest

Answer 8

p pulmonale

RAH

Question 9

if R is far from P

Answer 9

first degree

Question 10

longer longer longer drop

Answer 10

wenkeback

Question 11

if some Ps dont get through

Answer 11

Mobitz 2

Question 12

alternate conducted and non conducted atrial beats

Answer 12

2:1 block

Question 13

if Ps and Qs just dont agree

Answer 13

third degree

Question 14

in what lead should R and S normally be equal

Answer 14

V3 or 4

Question 15

how do you identify a bundle branch block

Answer 15

increased QRS complex

RSR1 pattern

Question 16

what are pathological Q waves

Answer 16

Prolongation and depression

signs of established or previous full thickness MI

Question 17

in what leads is T wave inversion normal

Answer 17

3, avr and v1

Question 18

what are tented T waves a sign og

Answer 18

hyperkalaemia

Question 19

what are flat T waves a sign of

Answer 19

hypokalaemia

Question 20

what should the QTc be

Answer 20

<450 ms

Question 21

what are U waves a sign of

Answer 21

hypokalaemia or can be normal

Question 22

what does AV nodal re entry junctional tachycardia look like

Answer 22

regular wiqth no P waves

Question 23

what is brugada syndrome

Answer 23

cardiac sodium channelopathy

Question 24

what does infarction look like

Answer 24

ST elevation
T wave inversion
pathological q waves

Question 25

What does ichaemia look like

Answer 25

ST depression | t wave inversion

Question 26

what does hyperkalaemia look like on ECG

Answer 26

low flat P waves wide QRS tall tented T waves

Question 27

what does hypercalcaemia look like

Answer 27

short QT

Question 28

what does hypocalcaemia look like

Answer 28

prolonged QT

Question 29

what does aortic stenosis sound like

Answer 29

early systolic murmur with opening snap s2 still audible heaving non displaced apex beat aortic thrill

Question 30

what causes aortic stenosis

Answer 30

``` rheumatic heart disease bicuspic aortic valve age related calcification SLE pagets disease ``` risk factors: smoking, hypertension, cholesterol, diabetes

Question 31

how do you treat AS

Answer 31

treat existing cardiac comorbidities valve replacement trans catheter aortic valve replacement baloon valveuloplasty

Question 32

what are the signs of MR

Answer 32

AF pansystolic murmur radiating to apex displaced hyperdynamic apex

Question 33

how do you investigate MR

Answer 33

ECG echo cardiac catherterisation

Question 34

what are the symptoms of MR

Answer 34

acute decompensated congestive heart failure ``` SOB pulmonary oedema orthopnoea PND volume overload fatigue AF tachycardia ```

Question 35

what are the causes of MR

Answer 35

``` mitral valve prolapse ischaemic heart disease LV dilation and chordae tendinae dysfunction rheumatic fever marfans EDS cardiomyopathy endocarditis ```

Question 36

what are some treatment options for MR

Answer 36

``` surgery vasodilators- nitroprusside ace inhibitors hydralazine treat hypertension ```

Question 37

what are the symptoms of AF

Answer 37

``` heart palpitations light headedness fainting SOB chest pain ```

Question 38

what are risk factors for AF

Answer 38

``` hypertension valvular heart disease CAD cardiomyopathy CHD rheumatic fever COPD obesity age alcohol tobacco diabetes thyrotoxicosis Genetic ``` organise into cardiac, resp, infective and endocrine cause

Question 39

how do you treat AF

Answer 39

``` rate or rhythm control ablation cardioversion CHADS VASC 2 warfarin NOAC ```

Question 40

what are the components of CHA2DS2VASc

Answer 40

``` congestive heart failure hypertension age diabetes stroke/tia vascular disease age sex (female) ```

Question 41

what signs are most important in heart failure

Answer 41

lung bases jvp legs

Question 42

what are the causes of heart failure

Answer 42

``` congenital diabetes MI valve disease drugs alcohol ```

Question 43

what investigations would you do in heart disease

Answer 43

``` pro BNP CXR echo elecrolytes (often hyponatraemic) kidney and liver thyroid FBC ```

Question 44

what might you see on a chest x ray in heart failure

Answer 44

kerley B lines cephalisation of vessels pleural efusion cardiomegaly

Question 45

how do you treat heart failure with preserved EF

Answer 45

diuretic | treat co morbidities

Question 46

how do you treat heart failure with reduced EF

Answer 46

diuretics ACE/arb B blockers ICD

Question 47

what is the difference between oslers nodes and janeway lesions

Answer 47

oslers nodes are tender