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ECHO Flashcards

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1
Q

MV tenting area

A

A tenting area of 6 cm2 or more usually indicates grade 3 or higher mitral regurgitation

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2
Q

Simplified Bernoulli equation

A
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3
Q

Assessment of RVSP

A
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4
Q

Doppler calculation of AVA

A
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5
Q

Doppler calculation of MVA

A
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6
Q

MV mean gradient by Doppler

A
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7
Q

Grading of MS

A
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8
Q

FLOW RATE

A
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9
Q

STROKE DISTANCE

A

STROKE DISTANCE (TVI) = distance in cm blood travels with each stroke

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10
Q

STROKE VOLUME

A
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11
Q

calculation stroke volume

A
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12
Q

AVA by continuity

A
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13
Q

HYDRAULIC ORIFICE FORMULA

A
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14
Q

4 PRIMARY PARAMETERS OF

DIASTOLIC FUNCTION

A

1) E/A ratio
2) e’ velocity
3) PA systolic pressure
4) pulmonary vein velocities

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15
Q

“W” in RVOT velocity

A

a sign of pulmonary hypertension

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16
Q

LV remodeling parameters

A
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17
Q

Relative Wall Thickness

A

(2 * PWTd) / LVIDd

(2 x posterior wall thickness) / LV internal dimension

[in diastole]

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18
Q

patterns of remodeling

A
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19
Q

M-mode in pulmonary hypertension

A
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20
Q

M-mode Ebstein anomaly

A
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21
Q

M-mode dilated cardiomyopathy

A
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22
Q

Dimensionless index

A

<0.25 is bad

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23
Q

AVP EOA calculation

A

stroke volume / TVIAVP

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24
Q

Aortic valve PPM

A
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25
Mitral valve PPM
26
AR quantification by JET WIDTH
27
AR quantification by JET AREA
28
AR quantification by VENA CONTRACTA size
29
AR quantification by color in aorta
30
AR quantification by REGURGITANT VOLUME
31
AR quantification by RFraction%
32
AR quantification by ERO cm2
33
DIASTOLOGY MVA duration - PVa duration
\>30 msec ----\> LVEDP\>15
34
DIASTOLOGY Abnormal Valsalva - mitral inflow
35
DIASTOLOGY Mitral annulus TDI "NORMAL"
36
DIASTOLOGY Mitral annulus TDI "Grade 1"
37
DIASTOLOGY Mitral annulus TDI "Grade 2"
38
DIASTOLOGY Mitral annulus TDI "Grade 3"
39
DIASTOLOGY Mitral inflow "Grade 3"
40
DIASTOLOGY Mitral inflow "Grade 2"
41
DIASTOLOGY Mitral inflow "Grade 1"
42
DIASTOLOGY Mitral inflow "NORMAL"
43
mitral prolapse
44
SAM
45
MITRAL REGURGITATION ERO CALCULATION
46
MR calculation by PISA
47
Normal gradient across TRICUSPID VALVE
\<2 mm Hg
48
Gradient in severe tricuspid stenosis
\> 7 mm Hg
49
TV area
190/PHT
50
dP/dt measurement
51
Pathognomonic M-mode sign of elevated LVEDP
B-bump
52
VELOCITY OF SOUND THROUGH SOFT TISSUE
1540 m/sec
53
WAVE EQUATION
velocity = frequency x wavelength
54
55
how long does it take for US to cover 1 cm (go-return time)?
13 microsec
56
4 components of Wilkins-Abascal score
1) valve mobility 2) subvalvular thickening 3) valve thickening 4) calcification Graded 1-4 each; has to be \<8
57
Depth of focus
(crystal diameter2) divided by wavelength multiplied by 4
58
Nyquist limit
PRF/2
59
dP/dT
Thus, dP/ dt is P1-P2 (32) divided by the time interval in seconds it takes for MR jet to go from 1 to 3 m/sec. A normal dP/ dt is more than 1000 mm Hg/ sec.
60
PAP estimation by TR jet
61
estimation of RAP by IVC
small \<1.2 cm -- spontaneous collapse -- volume depletion normal 1.7 cm -- decrease by \>50% -- 0-5 mm Hg dilated \> 1.7 cm -- decrease by \>50% -- 6-10 mm Hg dilated \> 1.7 cm -- decrease by \<50% -- 10-15 mm Hg dilated \> 1.7 cm -- no change -- 15-20 mm Hg
62
**fractional shortening**
**100 × (LV EDD − LV ESD)/ LV EDD**
63
abnormal TAPSE
\< 2 cm
64
LV inflow measurements
65
LA inflow
66
E/E'
A ratio of the transmitral E velocity to the tissue Doppler E′ velocity greater than 15 predicts an LV end-diastolic pressure more than 15 mm Hg.
67
IVRT
The IVRT (normal 50-100 ms) is prolonged with impaired relaxation but is shortened with severe diastolic dysfunction and impaired compliance.
68
Diastology - normal E deceleration time
150 - 200 msec
69
Diastology
70
**calculation of MV gradient** ## Footnote to calculate the velocity on the curve where the gradient is 1/2 the maximum gradient.......
maximum velocity is divided by 1.4
71
Carpentier classification of MR
72
PISA calculation
## Footnote PISA surface area x Valiasing ERO = ----------------------------------------------- VmaxMR
73
Acceleration time cutoff for PPM
\> 100 msec
74
Causes of diastolic MR
- 1st degree AVB - diminished LV systolic function

ECHO (1 decks)

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