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BIO112 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

The kārearea breeds only in Aotearoa, it is therefore considered to Aotearoa…. Endemic?Introduced?Native?

A

Native

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2
Q

Island endemism can
lead to…

A

Giants, dwarfism, k-selected unique behavioral traits

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3
Q

unusal feature of nz birds??

A

Flightless, lack of fear, smelly, competitiveness, convergent evolution

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4
Q

convergent evolution is…

A

similar characters evolve independently in two species in
response to similar selective pressures (same “niche”)
similarity in niches leads to similarity in morphology and
behaviour even if not closely related phylogenetically

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5
Q

New Zealand is the _____ what capital of the world

A

sea bird

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6
Q

NZ features…

Bird features

A

Bird dominance

Many taxa missing Depauperate (missing many groups) but rich (wide speciation in some groups which are here)

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7
Q

Behaviour

A

is the way an organism acts in a particular situation

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8
Q

What affects species distribution

A

Abiotic factors, Biogeography, Biotic interactions, Behaviour, Dispersal

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9
Q

Animal behaviour //learning

A

How do animals learn?
What do they learn?

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10
Q

Animal behaviour //Cognition

A

How ‘smart’ are animals?

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11
Q

Neurobiology

A

What is the neural platform of behaviour, and does
experience change it?
How can behaviour be flexible?

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12
Q

Physiology

A

What is the physiological platform of behaviour?
How do hormones affect behaviour and vice versa?

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13
Q

Ecology

A

How is behaviour affected by habitat, trophic level, and
competition?
How does the behaviour of one species affect others?

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14
Q

Genetics

A

What is the genetic basis of behaviour?
Can behaviour drive selection of certain genotypes?

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15
Q

Ethology:

A

the study of behaviour

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16
Q

Behavioural
ecology:

A

how behaviour is controlled and how it develops, evolves, and contributes to survival and reproductive success.

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17
Q

Tinbergen’s “four
questions”about animal
behaviour

A

Mechanism, Development, Function, Evolution

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18
Q

Which of Tinbergen’s questions are proximate

A

Mechanism, Development,

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19
Q

Which of Tinbergen’s questions are Ultimate explanations

A

Function and evolution

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20
Q

What is a proximate cause

A

causation within individual
HOW a behaviour works
Development, physiology

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21
Q

Ultimate causation

A

Causation within populations
WHY a behaviour evolved
Function, evolution

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22
Q

Natural selection

In individuals

A

Individuals are selected for or against, which in turn causes evolution within a population.

Natural selection favours behaviour that increase the inclusive fitness of individuals.

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23
Q

Stimuli

Examples of a stimuli

A

Light: black & white vs colour, range of
colours detected, low
-light sensitivity,
polarization
Sound: frequency range, sensitivity
Scent (and its water equivalent)
Tactile (vibrations) Electric fields Magnetic fields

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24
Q

Stimuli can be..

A

Stimuli can be abiotic, inter
-specific, or intra
- specific

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25
Q

Signal

A

A stimulus from one animal that causes a change in another animal’s behaviour.

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26
Q

Communication

A

is the reception of and
response to signals.

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27
Q

Learning

A

The modification of behaviour based on specific
experiences- ranges from very simple to very complex.
“ Learning is an enduring change in the mechanisms
of behaviour that results from experience with
environmental events”

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28
Q

Innate behaviours

A

Have a strong genetic component and are largely
independent of environmental influences
Developmentally ‘fixed’ (not learned) Does not need to be practiced, but can improve with experience

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29
Q

Kinesis

A

or the undirected movement in response to a stimulus.

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30
Q

Taxis

A

the directed movement towards or away from a stimulus.

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31
Q

Migration ( and is it innate or not)

A

is the long-range seasonal movement of
animals. It is an evolved, adapted response to variation in resource availability, and it is a common phenomenon
found in all major groups of animals.

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32
Q

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP):

A

A sequence of
unlearned, innate behaviours that is
relatively unchangeable triggered by a sign stimulas

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33
Q

Greylag goose
egg-retrieval
response

A

Innate behaviour, once started the behaviour must be completed

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34
Q

Stimulus

A

Sign stimulus or Releasers

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35
Q

Recognition

A

Innate releasing mechanism

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36
Q

A structured Behavioural response

A

Fixed action pattern

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37
Q

Supernormal stimuli

A

A fixed or flexible behaviour can be triggered
by certain innate stimuli
Sometimes an exaggerated, unrealistic version
(supernormal stimulus) is even more attractive
than the real thing

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38
Q

Imprinting

A

is a type of
behaviour that includes both
learning and innate
components- generally
irreversible

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39
Q

Spatial learning

A

learning their enviroment.
Enviroments are patchy, An animal’s fitness may be enhanced by a capacity for spatial learning e.g. location of home, nest sites, food sources, danger

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40
Q

Associative learning

A

when the animal learns
to associate one stimulus with another

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41
Q

Social learning is…

A

Cultural transmission

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42
Q

Cognition

A

is the ability of an animal’s nervous system
to perceive, store, process, and use information
gathered by sensory receptors

complex learning includes cognition

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43
Q

Foraging

A

recognising, searching for, capturing,
handling, and eating food items

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44
Q

Optimal foraging

A

Views foraging
behaviour as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food (e.g., predation risk and energy
expenditure). choose profitable pray

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45
Q

Altruism:

A

an act that benefits the recipient but harms
the donor.

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46
Q

Kin selection

A

selection in which individuals increase their inclusive fitness by helping increase the survival and reproduction of relatives (kin) that are not offspring

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47
Q

Attributes of cooperative breeders

A
  • Live in groups
  • Several adults
    help with offspring
    – Defense
    – Prepare/maintain
    living area
    – Feed young
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48
Q

Life history

A

Characteristics of species which impact the
timing and form of major “life events”, including:
* Body size
* Survival
* Age at reproductive maturity
* Number of offspring it produces

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49
Q

Success

A

surviving offspring.

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50
Q

Principle of allocation

A

There is limited energy,When energy is allocated to one
function, it reduces the energy available
for other functions

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51
Q

Time energy budget

A

Tradeoff occur due to the budget

52
Q

What are the 3 main tradeoffs

A

reproduction vs growth
reproduction vs survival
Size vs number of offspring

53
Q

Fecundity

A

is the potential reproductive capacity of an individual within a population.

54
Q

r-selected trait life history traits

A

size: small
pop growth rate: fast
lifespan:short
Number of seeds :high
seed dispersal

55
Q

Which traits to species optimise

A

Species optimise traits which leads to a few
successful strategies (set of related traits)

56
Q

Population

A

Individuals of the same
species that co-occur in space and time

57
Q

Population size in the future = Population size now +/‐ what?

A

Nt+1 = Nt + B + I – D – E

58
Q

Within population equations what does BIDE stand for… which are the only factors and which a pop can change

A

B= births
I= Immigration
D= Death
E= Emigration

59
Q

Demography

A

is the study of factors affecting a population (especially its numbers)

60
Q

Pop size=

A

= total number of
individuals.
 Expressed as a count (whole number)

61
Q

Pop density=

A

the number of individuals within a specific area or volume.

62
Q

Type of survivorship curves
Type I

A

low death rates during early and middle life

63
Q

Type of survivorship curves
Type II

A

the death rate is constant over the life span

64
Q

Type of survivorship curves
Type III

A

high death rates for the young, then a slower death rate for survivors

65
Q

Why doesn’t exponential growth continue indefinitely?

A

Because resources aren’t unlimited!

66
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The population size at which POPULATION growth
stops is called the carrying capacity, or K.

Genrally number of individuals of a particularspecies that the local environment can support.

67
Q

K is reached when

caring capacity

A

K is reached when:
#birth + #immigration = #death + #emigration

68
Q

R- selection

favors life history traits

A

Favours life history traits that are good in
exponential growth phase
(e.g. after disturbance)

live fast, die young, many small offspring

69
Q

K-selection

A

favours life
history traits that are
good in crowded phase
(e.g. stable habitats)

Slow and steady, few large offsprings

70
Q

Key points of pop growth

A

All populations can show exponential growth, but usually not for long
Limiting resources create logistic growth
Since population growth is logistic, why are population sizes not always stable?

71
Q

3 classifications of species interactions

A

Taxonomic (species involved)
Function (what is being done)
Outcomes (impacts on fitness)

72
Q

Taxnomic //interspecific

A

Among individuals of a different species

73
Q

Taxnomic //intraspecific

A

Among individuals of the same species

74
Q

Types Function:
Trophic (feeding) interactions

A

Reproductive interactions
Habitat related interactions

75
Q

Mutalism

A

++

76
Q

Commensalism

A

0+

77
Q

Neutralism

A

00

78
Q

Exploitation

A

-+

79
Q

Amensalism

A

-0

80
Q

Competition

A

–

81
Q

Parasitoids:

A

An adult lays eggs in/on prey, and its offspring kill
the prey, but not immediately. Oh, there are also hyper‐
parasitoids.

82
Q

Endo vs Exo parasites

A

Endo live within

83
Q

Community

A

is a set of potentially interacting populations of different species

84
Q

Pops are limited by…

A

 Inherent life-history
 Abiotic factors
 Species (biotic) interactions

85
Q

Population Limiting dependant factors// Density driven

A

Territoriality, Disease / parasites

86
Q

Population Limiting independant factors// Density driven

A

Abotic, temp, rainfall, pollutants

87
Q

How do individuals respond to density driven limiting?

A

dispersal, dormancy

88
Q

interference competition

A

direct aggressive interaction
between individuals.

89
Q

Exploitative competition:

A

competition to secure
resources first.

90
Q

Competition

A

where individuals have a shared need for a
limited resource
Leads to lower growth or survival of (some of) the competing individuals

91
Q

Niche

A

The set of environmental conditions
(abiotic and biotic) in which an organism
can survive and reproduce.

92
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Physical conditions under which a species might
live in the absence of interactions with other
species

93
Q

Realised niche

A

Physical conditions under which a species might
live when restricted by interactions with other
species

94
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

No two species can occupy the same realized niche;
eventually one will out-compete the other or // Or they will have niche partitioning or resource
partitioning or some other coexistence mechanisms

95
Q

Geographical range

And what dictates it?

A

Spatial area where a species is found.

The variety of optimal conditions for a species dictate it’s geographic range

96
Q

Keystone species

A

play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem structure
 prevent other species from taking over an area
 allow other, less-competitive species to flourish

97
Q

Disturbance

A

an event that damages andremoves biomass
eg: windstorms, fire, snowbreak, landslide,
drought, floods

98
Q

Ecological succession +
Primary vs secondly

After distrubance

A

is the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance

Primary = no soil
Secondary+ soil remains after disturbance

99
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
(IDH)

A

moderate levels of disturbance allow greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance

100
Q

Ecology=

A

Scientific study of the relationship between organisms and their enviroment

*Physical
*Chemical
*Biological

101
Q

Abiotic

A

non-living

102
Q

Biogeography

A

study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution

103
Q

Factors delineate: aquatic Biomass

A

Salinity
Water movement
Light
Temp
Oxygen
PH

104
Q

Species and their environmental limits

A

Range of tolerance
Limits of tolerance
Zones of stress

105
Q

Optimum range of tolerance

A

Every species has an optimum range, zones of
stress, and limits of tolerance for every abiotic
factor

106
Q

Major abiotic factors

A

Temp
light
water
soil
salnity

107
Q

Biome

A

Way of categorizing ecosystems. Often distinguished by their dominant plants and climates (terrestrial),
or the movement and physical properties of water (aquatic).

108
Q

Latitudinal gradients and species richness

A

Species richness generally increases from middle and high latitudes to the equator.

109
Q

Species richness

A

a count of the number of species in a given area

110
Q

Ecology studies

A

Distribution and abundance of organisms

111
Q

A major role in species distribution

A

Abiotic factors

112
Q

Nz is unique due to…

A

very isolated
temperate, very oceanic climate
mountainous
history of major disturbances (tectonic,
glacial, human)

113
Q

K species life history traits

A

Produce few, largeroffspring
Larger body size
Reproduce later in life
Slow development
High competitive ability

114
Q

Species life History

A

Series of events over its lifetime, such as how resources are allocated for growth, maintenance, and
reproduction.

115
Q

Life history// adaptation of organisms that influence biology

A
  • Body size
  • Survival
  • Age at reproductive maturity
  • Number of offspring it produces
116
Q

Animal communication……

A

Animals communicate to their own species and to others
This can be cooperative or (often) selfish
It can be honest or dishonest (truthful or lying)

117
Q

Factors limiting pop size

A

Pop denisty
Density-dependant factors
Density-independant factors

118
Q

Foraging

A

recognising, searching for,capturing, handling, and
eating food items

119
Q

Optimal foraging

A

Views foraging behaviour as a compromise between
benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food (e.g., predation risk and energy
expenditure). Predators choose profitable prey

120
Q

Evolutionary response:
character displacement

A

Traits for two species are more divergent when the species occur together (sympatric) than when they occur apart (allopatric)

An evolutionary change that occurs when two similar species inhabit the same environment. To try minimise niche overlap

121
Q

Example of social behaviour

A

Mutal grooming
protection of young
Highly complex societies

122
Q

Species living within enviroment limits
*optimum range
*range of tolerance
*Zones of stress

A

A certain level where organisms grow, survive, or
PERFORM the best
Range of tolerance: the entire range allowing any
growth
Limits of tolerance: the high and low ends of the
range of tolerance
Zones of stress: between the optimal range and
high or low limit of tolerance

123
Q

Multiple scales of relationships

A

Individual>Popualtion> community > ecosystem > biome > biosphere

124
Q

What effects species distribtions

A

Abiotic
Biogeography
Dispersal & demography
Behavior
Biotic interactions

125
Q

wowowo\

A

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BIO112 (3 decks)

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