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BIO112 > Ecosystem and conservation > Flashcards

Ecosystem and conservation Flashcards

1
Q

Why is conservation bio becoming a distinct discipline

A

Increased concern over plant degradation

realisation of the extinction crisis

realising the need for intergrated sustainable land management to solve problems

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2
Q

First principle of conservation bio

A

Evolution is the basic axiom that unites all of biology.
(The evolutionary play)

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3
Q

2nd principle of conservation Bio

A

The ecological world is dynamic and largely
unbalanced.
(The ecological theatre)

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4
Q

3rd principle of conservation Bio

A

The human presence must be included in
conservation planning.
(Humans are part of the play)

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5
Q

Natural science involved in conservation bio

A

Genetics
Pop bio
Biogeography
ecology

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6
Q

Applied science involved in conservation bio

A

Agriculture
wildlife bio
forestry

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7
Q

Social science involved in conservation bio

A

law
economics
Sociology
Ecophilosophy

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8
Q

Species richness?

A

Total species number

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9
Q

Eveness meaning in bio diversity context…

A

Relative abundance of species

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10
Q

3 levels of biodiversity

A

Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity

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11
Q

Genetic diversity…

A

comprises genetic
variation within a population and between populations

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12
Q

Ecosystem services

A

Ecosystem services are goods (such as food) and services (such as waste assimilation) that human populations utilise

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13
Q

Four fundamental types of ecosystem service:

A

provisioning
regulating
cultural
supporting

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14
Q

Provisioning services (products obtained from
ecosystems):

A

Food, freshwater, fuel, fibre, biochemicals, genetic
resources

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15
Q

Regulating services (benefits obtained from regulation
of ecosystem processes):

A

Climate regulation, disease regulation, water regulation,
water purification, pollination

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16
Q

Cultural services (non-material benefits obtained from
ecosystems):

A

Spiritual & religious, recreation & ecotourism, aesthetic,
inspirational, educational, sense of place, cultural
heritage

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17
Q

Supporting services (services necessary for the
production of all other ecosystem services):

A

Soil formation, nutrient cycling, primary production

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18
Q

Biodiversity hotspot

A

A biodiversity hot spot is a relatively small area with a great concentration of endemic species and many endangered and
threatened species

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19
Q

Native/indigenous species:

A
  • Species that naturally occur in an area. Have reached
    the area of their own accord.
20
Q

Endemic species:

A

Native species that do not occur anywhere else in the
world

21
Q

Exotic/alien/introduced/non-native species:

A

Species that have been brought to an area by humans.

22
Q

Naturalised species

A
  • Exotic species that maintain wild populations
23
Q

Invasive species

A

Naturalised species that are spreading rapidly, and
having negative impacts

24
Q

Global diversity change drivers

A
  1. Climate change
  2. Over-exploitation
  3. Pollution
  4. Habitat loss
  5. Invasive species
25
Q

Direct effect of climate change

A
  • loss of native species that are unable to move to suitable sites
  • invasion of exotic species (plant, animal, fungal)
    Increased incidence of extreme weather events
  • loss of native species due to extreme conditions (drought, frost etc)
  • small isolated remnants are especially vulnerable to damage from
    extreme events (windstorms, floods etc)
26
Q

Indirect climate change effects

A

Competition with invasive species
Increased disturbances at landscape scale (especially fire)
Reduced funding for biodiversity conservation due to socio-economic effects of climate change (e.g. cost of maintaining infrastructure like roads)

27
Q

Over-expoloitation

A

is human harvesting of wild plants or animals at
rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound e.g fish// tuna

28
Q

Polynesian settlement habitat loss

A

Key sources of evidence
Charcoal and wood
Soil instability
Pollen
Oral traditions

Reasons for deforestation
Moa hunting not important
Agriculture (bracken and kumara)
Security around Pā sites
Facilitate travel routes
Accidental

29
Q

European settlement habitat loss

A

Much broader then the polynesian

Major drivers of habitat loss
Forest clearance for timber
Forest clearance for agriculture
Shrubland/grassland burning & cultivation for agriculture
Wetland draining for agriculture

Habitat loss also occurred as a result of invasive species
Accidental invasions (e.g. marram into sand-dunes)
Deliberate invasions (over-grazing in tussock grasslands)

30
Q

Read invasive species slide lecture 30-31 side 35

A

raaa

31
Q

Ecosystem ecology is dependant on…

A

organisms + abiotic
environment. Fluxes of matter and energy

32
Q

Net prinmary production equation

A

NPP=GPP-R

32
Q

Decomposition has what relationship to tropic levels

A

Decomposition links all tropic levels

32
Q

Marine limiting factors of NPP..

A

Light, N, Iron

33
Q

Freshwater NPP limiting factors…

A

Light, P

33
Q

Terrestrial limiting factors

A

water, temp, N, P

33
Q

Energy transfer// trophic levels

A

Energy transfer between trophic levels only 10% efficient

34
Q

green world hypothesis

A

Herbivores consume a small percentage of
vegetation:

35
Q

Green world hypothesis is due to herbivores being limited by..

A

– plant defenses
– nutrients
– abiotic factors (e.g. temperature)
– interspecific competition
– intraspecific interactions (e.g. predation)

36
Q

Biogeochemical process/ nutrient cycling

A

essential elements of living matter are circulated from the nonliving compartment to living

37
Q

litter decomposition varies due to..

A

– plant leaf traits (e.g. specific leaf area, leaf
nutrient concentrations)
– global drivers (e.g. temperature, moisture)

38
Q

Human pop impacts

A

disrupting chemical cycles throughout the biosphere.
by removing nutrients from
one part of the biosphere and then
adding them to another.

39
Q

human pop toxic chemical impacts

A

Toxins can become concentrated in
successive trophic levels of food webs

These toxins, are ingested and metabolized by the
organisms in the ecosystems and can accumulate in the
fatty tissues of animals.

And through bio magnification become concentrated going through tropic levels of the food web

40
Q

Current Anthropocene

A

Is a decisive break from previous periods of Earth’s history (proposed as a new
geological epoch)

carbon dioxide high level
land change irreversible land damage

41
Q

Challenges in climate change

A

Corruption and entrenched political influence of big oil etc
Poverty/wealth inequality
Climate change despair
CO2 already in atmosphere and feedback systems

42
Q

Human activities on ecosystems

A

Humans population growth is the key driver of global environmental change

Human activities are altering many aspects of ecosystems globally

The most significant of these is global climate change
resulting from CO2 emissions

43
Q

Earth has now entered a new Epoch

A

the Anthropocene

BIO112 (3 decks)

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