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BIO 111 MIDTERM > Ecology and Evolution > Flashcards

Ecology and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny

A

A branching tree depicting evolutionary relationships among organisms with a common ancestor

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2
Q

Evolution

A

Change in allele frequency across generations

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3
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more versions of DNA sequence at a given genomic location. An individual inherits 2 alleles, if they are the same the individual is homozygous.

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4
Q

Genetic changes in quantitative traits

A

Are controlled by changes in allele frequency at multiple genes and are often heavily influenced by the environment

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5
Q

Genomic

A

A physical site or location within a genome, ( All the genetic material in an organism), such a Gene or DNA segment.

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6
Q

Eukaryote

A

A cell containing membrane bound organelles and are the basis for both unicellular species.

  • 8.7 million eukaryotic species
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7
Q

Prokaryote

A

Cells do not have any membrane bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms

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8
Q

Genetic variation

A

The presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species. It enables natural selection, one of the primary forces driving the evolution of life

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9
Q

Key mechanisms of evolution

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Genetic drift
  3. Natural selection
  4. Sexual selection
  5. Gene flow
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10
Q
  1. Mutation
A

A change in DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. Ultimate source of all genetic variation. Mutations can change the genetic code, which generates new alleles, which may change the amino acid sequences or alter gene expression, which may have phenotypic effects.

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11
Q
  1. Genetic drift
A

The change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random change, it may cause gene variant to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation.

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12
Q
  1. Natural selection
A

Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success. This process causes species to change and diverge over time

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13
Q
  1. Sexual selection
A

Sexual selection is the process by which individuals compete for access to mates and fertilization opportunities.

  • Intra- sexual: male- male competition
  • Inter- sexual: female choice

Secondary sexual traits evolve as a compromise between natural and sexual selection.

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14
Q
  1. gene flow
A

Movements of genes among populations. Often opposes of divergent natural selection

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15
Q

The drunkard’s walk

A

the role of randomness in everyday events

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16
Q

Ecology

A

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

17
Q

Different types of ecology

A
  1. Community ecology
  2. Behavioral ecology
  3. Ecosystem ecology
  4. Population ecology
18
Q
  1. Community ecology
A

Study of interactions between species in relation to the environment ( food web)

19
Q
  1. Behavioral ecology
A

Study of animal behavior in relation to the environment

20
Q
  1. Ecosystem ecology
A

The flow of energy and matter through the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems

21
Q
  1. Population ecology s
A

Study of demographics in relation to the environment.

22
Q

Abiotic/ biotic

A

Non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning ecosystems

23
Q

Types of community interactions

A
  • Predation: one participant ( predator) kills and consumes the other ( prey)
  • Competition: two organisms use the same resource that is insufficient to supply the needs for both
  • Mutualism: Interaction between species where both benefit
  • Paratism: one participant (parasite) takes resources from another (host) without immediately killing it
24
Q

Behavioral ecology

A
  • Animals should eat food that maximize their energy intake
  • Factors to consider:
  1. Abundance of different prey types
  2. Catch-ability of different prey types
  3. Quality of different prey types
  • Other complications:

competition
predation risk
essential nutrients
protection from toxins

25
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

How do nutrients, energy and elements flow in webs?

26
Q

Bottom- up control of food webs

A
  • When abiotic factors such as mount of nutrients, sunlight or water determine the abundance of primary producers
  • Different nutrients can limit productivity at different times and places
  • In temperate terrestrial environments, nitrogen is often the limiting factor
27
Q

Why is nitrogen often limiting productivity?

A
  • Air is 78% nitrogen
  • Most nitrogen is in a form (N2) which is unavailable for use by most organisms.
  • It can be fixed into more usable form by bacterial in the soil or in the roots of legume pants.
  • That still isn’t enough for maximal growth
  • N additions have a substantial positive effect on tree and stand growth
28
Q

Top- down control of food webs

A

When predators control the abundance ( or productivity) of lower trophic Levels.

29
Q

Population ecology - Ecological complexity

A

The complex interplay between all living systems and their environment. The richness of ecological systems and their capacity for adaptation and self-organization.

30
Q

The ecology and evolution of global change

A

Forms:

  • Temperature
    -Droughts and fires
    -Hurricanes and floods
    -Habitat loss
    -Pollution
    -Ocean acidification
    -Invasive species
31
Q

What are ecological and evolutionary
effects?

A

Under global change, species become maladapted and can decline to extinction/ extirpation if they don’t shift their phenotypes to better match the new environment.

32
Q

How can phenotypes better match their phenotypes to the environment?

A
  1. Move to an appropriate location ( habitat choice elevation shift, latitude shift)
  2. Stay in place but change phenotypes to suit the new optimum ( plasticity, evolution)
33
Q

Do humans cause accelerated phenotypic change?

A

-Humans cause phenotypic changes that rise above natural variation.

-Rate of trait change in haldanes (h)= standard deviations per generation

BIO 111 MIDTERM (3 decks)

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