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BIO 111 MIDTERM > Fungi and Plants > Flashcards

Fungi and Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients. ( animals, most bacteria, fungi)

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2
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that produces their own food for energy. Using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. ( plants, some bacteria, algae)

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3
Q

Structure of Fungi

A
  • It is a heterotroph
  • Single celled or made of filaments.
  • Cell walls (like plants) but contain more chitin ( like animals)
  • No complex transport systems
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4
Q

Chitin

A
  • The most abundant aminopolysaccharide polymer occurring in nature.
  • It is the building material that gives energy to the cell walls of fungi.
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5
Q

Single- celled species

A

Occur in several taxonomic groups ( not monophyletic)

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6
Q

Yeasts

A

Unicellular Fungi
( Ascomycota and Basidiomycota)

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7
Q

How to tell the difference between Yeast and Bacteria?

A
  • Bacteria are prokaryotes ( no membrane bound nucleus)
  • Fungi are eukaryotes ( membrane bound nucleus)
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8
Q

Mycelia

A
  • Mycelium is made of hyphae; thin, long filaments ( high surface area)
  • Can pack together to form mushrooms
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9
Q

Hyphae

A

Usually separated by cross-cells ( septa), it has large pores that allow passage to nutrients, even nuclei.

Thin hyphae —–> Master absorbers

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10
Q

Algae nutrition

A

Absorb food directly from surroundings ( heterotroph)

  • Plants photosynthesize ( autotroph)
  • Fungi secrete digestive enzyme externally:
    • Saprophytes ( eat dead stuff)
    • Symbients ( get fed by others, not always intentional)
  • Fungal nutrition has had huge ecological and evolutionary impacts
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11
Q

Impact of fungi nutrition

A
  • Plant lignin and Cellulose are the most abundant molecules on earth.
  • Fungi is the first and most efficient decomposer on lignin.
  • It is one of very few organisms that can breakdown cellulose.
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12
Q

Lichens

A
  • Symbiosis: Fungi + Algae or Cyanobacteria
  • 6% of the earth’s surface ( deserts, Tundra, Forests)
  • Important in succession
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13
Q

Myccorrhizae

A

Plant fungal symbiosis:

  • 80% of vascular plants partner with fungi to get nutrients from the soil
  • Hyphae massively increase the are of root system for absorption
  • important for plant productivity and health
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14
Q

Reproduction

A
  • Many species reproduce in multiple ways, sometimes during both haploid (1n) and diploid (2n) phases:
  1. Asexual
  2. Sexual
  3. Diverse
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15
Q

Haploid (1n)

A

Single set of chromosomes in an organisms cells.
EGG AND SPERM

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16
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

Sexually reproducing organisms ( 2 sets of chromosomes)

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17
Q
  1. Asexual
A

Fragmentation during haploid (1n) phase of vegetative spores.

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18
Q
  1. Sexual
A
  • Compatible individuals (1n) fuse their mycelia, to initiate sexual cycle (plasmogamy)
  • Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
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19
Q
  1. Dispersal
A

Fungi move between habitats by dispersing small spores through the atmosphere.

Spores:
- are tough and specialized for dispersal
- unlike hyphae they tolerate dry conditions
- some have ejection mechanisms ( puffballs)
- some use animal dispersers ( stick horns)

20
Q

Monophyletic Group

A

evolved from common ancestor and includes all descendants of that common ancestor

21
Q

Sister Groups

A

Two groups that split from common node

sharing a node means evolved from common ancestor

22
Q

Archaeplastids

A

Plantae and are photosynthesizers (not monophyletic)

23
Q

Photosynthesis

A
  • Process that converts light energy into chemical energy
  • Fixes carbon into organic form
  • Produces oxygen
24
Q

Origin of photosynthesis

A
  • Both photosystems evolved in bacteria
  • All photosynthetic eukaryotes use chloroplasts for photosynthesis
25
Q

The capture of photosynthesis

A
  • Endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts ( membrane bound organelle site of photosynthesis)
  • Eukaryotic chloroplast originated when eukaryote cell engulfed a cyanobacteria.
26
Q

Endosymbiotic origin of Chloroplasts

A

Similar to cyanobacteria and behave somewhat independently of cell:

  • replicate by fission, independently of cell division
  • manufacture their own proteins (autotroph)
  • have their own DNA, organized into circular molecules very similar to those in cyanobacteria.
    -peptidoglycan is cell of some chloroplasts

–> chloroplasts have at least a double membrane
–> Endosymbiotic cyanobacteria live in cells of some eukaryotes and animals

27
Q

peptidoglycan

A

Peptidoglycan is a rigid envelope surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacterial species

28
Q

The capture and spread of photosynthesis

A
  • Endosymbiosis leading to chloroplasts first occurred in common ancestor plantae ( primary endosymbiosis)
  • Other groups acquired chloroplasts via secondary endosymbiosis
29
Q

Phytoplankton

A
  • Single celled, free living photosynthetic organisms
  • 50% of global photosynthesis
30
Q

Photosynthetic Bacteria

A

Responsible for half of the oceans primary productivity

31
Q

Primary endosymbiosis

A

2 membranes
archaeplastids

32
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

more than 2 membranes

33
Q

Viridiplantae

A
  • green plants
  • monophyletic group
  • including green algae and land plants
34
Q

Non vascular plants

A

Bryophytes/ earliest branching of land plants/ most ancient

35
Q

vascular plants

A

tracheophytes/ vascular tissue only evolved once

36
Q

Angiosperms

A

flowering plants

37
Q

seed plants

A
  • angiosperms and gymnosperms
  • monophyletic
  • the seed evolved once
38
Q

Ancestors of the first land plants

A

= BRYOPHYTES

  • no vascular tissue
  • no true roots
  • absorb nutrients and water through their leaves
  • no stomata
39
Q

stomata

A

Epidermal cell

regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control water loss by changing the size of stomata pore

40
Q

Mitosis

A

one cell division
creates 2 identical daughter

41
Q

meiosis

A

2 divisions
4 cells with half the genetic material

42
Q

Bryophytes: reproduction

A
  • Gametophyte phase dominant:

—> unisexual ( each gametophyte is either male or female)

—-> bisexual ( each gametophyte can prduce both female and male)

  • need water for reproduction
43
Q

sphagnum moss

A

a genus of moss

44
Q

desiccation

A

removal or loss of moisture

45
Q
A

BIO 111 MIDTERM (3 decks)

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