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ECOL 1111 > Ecology and Evolution > Flashcards

Ecology and Evolution Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What are the evolutionary traits?

A

Behavioural
Physiological
Morphological

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2
Q

Fitness

A

The proportionate contribution an individual makes to future generations

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3
Q

Necessary conditions for Natural Selection

A

Variation among individuals in some heritable trait

Variation causes individuals to differ in survival and reproduction

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4
Q

Adaptation

A

Heritable trait that improves an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in prevailing environmental conditions; results from natural selection
Process of acquiring traits that improve fitness

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5
Q

Darwinian Fitness

A

Relative genetic contribution of an individual to future generations, restricted by genetic architecture

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6
Q

Evolution

A

Change in gene frequency and hence properties of a population over generations; results from various mechanisms, including but not only natural selection

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7
Q

Population (Genetics Def)

A

A group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals sharing a common gene pool

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8
Q

Speciation

A

Evolution of new species, often through separation of a population into two or more reproductively isolated subpopulations

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9
Q

Types of Speciation

A

Allopatric

Sympatric

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10
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Geographic isolation followed by reproductive isolation

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11
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Reproductive isolation without geographic isolation
Often behavioural differences (mating/feeding locations)
Thought to be rarer

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12
Q

What is a evolutionary population composed of?

A

Interbreeding organisms and therefore can be considered a genetic unit

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13
Q

Gene Pool

A

The sum off all the genes of all individuals in a population

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14
Q

What causes a change in the gene pool?

A

Selective pressures by the environment on individuals of the population

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15
Q

What causes a change in gene frequency?

A

Correlation between genotype and phenotype

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16
Q

What does natural selection act on?

A

Phenotypes NOT genotypes

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable attributes

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18
Q

Gene

A

Discrete subunits of DNA that code components of proteins

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19
Q

Allele

A

Alternative forms of a gene, in diploid organisms, 1 pair of alleles per gene (AA, Aa, aa)

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20
Q

Co-dominance

A

Heterozygous individuals are a mix of dominant and recessive traits

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21
Q

Assumptions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A 
Random Mating
No Mutations
Large Population Size
No Immigration of Emigration
All genotypes have equal fitness (no natural selection)
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22
Q

Ways that nonrandom mating occurs

A

Assortative Mating
Inbreeding Depression
Outbreeding Depression

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23
Q

Assortative Mating

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A

Preferences for certain individuals

24
Q

Inbreeding Depression

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A

Mating with relatives

Exposure to deleterious recessive genes

25
Outbreeding Depression
Mating with least similar individuals | Genes are not locally adapted to environment, makes them incompatible
26
Ways that Mutations occur
Micro-mutation | Macro-mutation
27
Micro-mutation
Base substitutions Deletions Insertions
28
Macro-mutation
Polyploidy | Chromosomal deletions, duplications, invertions, translocations
29
Polyploidy
Heritable condition of having more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes (common in plants)
30
Genetic Drift
Random change in allele frequencies in small popultions due to sampling error
31
Types of Genetic Drift
Bottleneck Effect | Founder Effect
32
What happens when Genetic Drift occurs?
Either one or other allels will become fixed | Results in populations lacking in genetic variability
33
Bottleneck Effect
Drastic reduction in population size | Survivors constitute a random sample
34
Founder Effect
Few individuals found a new isolated population at some distance from their place of origin Random sample of original Rare alleles can become enhanced in the new population
35
Gene Flow
Immigration and emigration can influence gene pool Can reduce genetic drift Can inhibit divergence among subpopulations
36
Microevolution
The change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population Can lead to macroevolution
37
Selection
Differential survival and reproduction as a result of phenotypic differences
38
Selection Pressure
Any force acting on individuals that affects which individuals leave more descendants than others
39
How do individuals differ in regards to selection?
Show differential reproductive success
40
Directional Selection
Favors one extreme
41
Stabilizing selection
Favors the majority (middle)
42
Disruptive Selection
Favors both extremes
43
Group Selection
When one group of individuals is eliminated by another group of individuals having superior genetic traits Changes in gene frequencies result from differential extinction or productivity of groups
44
Kin Selection
Evolution of a genetic trait expressed by one individual that effects the genotypic fitness of one or more directly related individuals
45
What introduces two new types of fitness?
Kin Selection
46
Personal Fitness
Passing on genes to an individuals own offspring
47
Inclusive Fitness
Additional fitness is acquired by improving the fitness of very close relatives
48
Sexual Selection
Accounts for male/female dimorphism | Female choice and male combat important
49
What is the product of selection pressures?
Traits Some structures may be secondary consequences of other strongly selected adaptations Some adaptations may no longer be relevant to present
50
What type of path does selection follow?
Path of least resistance
51
Coevolution
Interdependent evolution of two or more species having an obvious ecological interaction (antagonistic or cooperative)
52
Examples of Coevolution
Predator prey systems Plant-herbivore Plant-pollinator Host-parasite
53
Types of Evolution
Divergent | Convergent
54
Divergent Evolution
Competition should lead to divergence and specialization, organisms accumulate differences due to different selection pressures
55
How to test for Divergent Evolution
Comparing traits where they are found together and where their ranges do not overlap (sympatry and allopatry)
56
Convergent Evolution
Organisms that are not closely related resemble one another Evolve similar traits, adaptations to similar environments Similar selection pressures
57
Adaptive Radiation
The evolution of a variety of forms from a single ancestral stock Often occurs after colonization of an island or after entry into a new adaptive zone

ECOL 1111 (11 decks)

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