Life History and Reproduction

Question 1

Life History

Answer 1

Lifetime pattern of growth, development and reproduction

Includes adaptations

Question 2

Life History Characteristics

Answer 2

Traits that affect and are reflected in the life table of an organism

Question 3

What do organisms face due to energy constraints?

Answer 3

Energy Trade Offs

When energy is used for one purpose, diminished available for others

Question 4

What imposes energy constraints?

Answer 4

Physiology
Energetics
Physical and biotic environment

Question 5

Benefits of Reproducing to Individual Fitness

Answer 5

Passing on Genetic Material

Behavioural, physiological and energetic activities

Question 6

Costs of Reproducing to Individual Fitness

Answer 6

Reduced survival, fecundity/growth

Question 7

r-selected organisms

Answer 7

Live in a rapid growth environment

Mature quickly, short lifespan

Question 8

K-selected organisms

Answer 8

Live near carrying capacity

Mature slowly, longer lifespan

Question 9

Semelarity

Answer 9

Invest maximum energy in a single reproductive effort

Question 10

Iteroparity

Answer 10

Allocate less energy each time to repeated reproductive efforts (k-selected)

Question 11

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 11

Produces genetically identical clones of the parent

Question 12

Types of Asexual Reproduction

Answer 12

Binary Fission
Budding
Parthenogenesis

Question 13

Binary Fission

Answer 13

Cells divide in two (bacteria and protozoa)

Question 14

Budding

Answer 14

A bud pinches off as a new individual

Question 15

Parthenogenesis

Answer 15

The development of ovum into an individual without fertilization

Question 16

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 16

Recombination of genes

Question 17

Types of Sexual Reproduction

Answer 17

Unisexual

Hermaphroditic

Question 18

Unisexual

Answer 18

Separate male and female individuals (Dioecious)

Question 19

Types of Hermaphroditic Plants

Answer 19

Bisexual

Monoecious

Question 20

Bisexual Plants

Answer 20

Sex organs on the same flower

Question 21

Monoecious Flowers

Answer 21

Separate male and female flowers on the same individual

Question 22

Types of Hermaphroditic Animals

Answer 22

Simultaneous Hermaphroditic

Sequential Hermaphroditic

Question 23

Simultaneous Hermaphroditic

Answer 23

The male organ of one individual mates with the female organ of another

Question 24

Sequential Hermaphroditic

Answer 24

Sex changes as individuals age or due to external cues (clown fish)

Question 25

Costs of Sexual Reproduction

Answer 25

Limited by the rate at which resources can be converted into offspring

Question 26

Costs of Asexually Reproducing

Answer 26

All resources devoted to reproduction are converted directly into progeny

Question 27

Costs of Sexually Reproducing

Answer 27

Resources devoted to offspring are converted into tow gametic types

Question 28

Isogamy

Answer 28

Gametes equal size

Question 29

Anisogamy

Answer 29

Male gametes smaller, more numerous

Question 30

Cost of Anisogamy

Answer 30

Resources used to produce excess male gametes are lost | More resources required to produce female gametes

Question 31

Cost of Meiosis

Answer 31

Cell division, reduces chromosome number by half Reduced genetic relatedness between sexually reproducing organisms and their offspring Half of total reproductive expenditures

Question 32

Benefits of Sexual Reproduction

Answer 32

Increase the rate at which favourable mutations and new genetic linkage patterns can be incorporated into evolving populations

Question 33

Mating Systems

Answer 33

Mongamy Polygyny Polyandry Promiscuity

Question 34

Monogamy

Answer 34

Prolonged pair bonding between one male and one female

Question 35

Polygyny

Answer 35

Prolonged pair bonding between one male and two or more females Females take care of young

Question 36

Polyandry

Answer 36

Prolonged pair bonding between one female and two or more males Males take care of young

Question 37

Promiscuity

Answer 37

An absence of prolonged pair bonding, normally implies successful males mate with more than one female per season (not random mating) Females take care of young