Ecology_basics_-_Zoo_BI_1 Flashcards

Question

Q: Desert dwelling animals at the zoo

Answer 1

-Meerkat -Desert tortoise -Giant desert centipede

Answer 2

Most of Antarctica is a cold/polar desert. Less than 10" of rain. Some parts, including surrounding islands, have milder climate, more plants (moss, algae, some grass), soil with more organic matter, and are considered to be tundra. Antarctic tundra is not as diverse or complex as the Arctic tundra.

Answer 3

Snow melt makes water plentiful during summer months. Plants/shrubs/lichens/mosses can grow, but too cold for trees. Dwarf woody shrubs flower and produce seeds quickly during the short growing season. During summer, tundra hosts numerous insects and migratory animals. Example animals: Snowy owl, polar bears, brown bears, arctic fox, arctic hare, caribou... Many animals have thick fur, blubber Very fragile environment.

Answer 4

Splayed hooves: helpful in snow. Large nose: sense smell to find food hidden under snow, locate danger, and recognize direction. Noses also act as heat exchangers, warming the inhaled arctic air before it enters their lungs and retaining the heat from the exhaled air.

Answer 5

Wolverine Grizzly bear (also in temperate forests) [still true?] During the Christmas holiday season, reindeer.

Answer 6

Mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees. Dominated by relatively few species, in contrast to the tropical forests which contain thousands of species, none of which dominates. Wind pollinated species are predominant. Yearly precipitation is 30--60 in. Well-defined growing season. Cold winter.

Answer 7

Dominated by relatively few species, in contrast to the tropical forests which contain thousands of species, none of which dominates. Birds are plentiful; many insects for them to feed upon. Quite a few larger animals. Many animals hibernate during the harshest months, with many birds migrating. Predators have a hard time finding food during harsh months and may travel long distances to find sufficient food.

Answer 8

(info probably needs updating) Grizzly bear Wolverine Bald eagle

Answer 9

Over 80 inches of rain, falls throughout year. Very lush and wet. Cooler than tropical rainforests Rich in plant and animal species; diversity is greater in tropical rainforest

Answer 10

Richest and most diverse biome on earth. Over 80 inches of rain, falls throughout year. Warm and moist year round. Vegetation dense. Year-long growing season. Rapid cycling of nutrients. Soils tend to have very little organic matter since most of the organic carbon is tied up in the standing biomass of the plants. Scientists estimate that more than half of all the world's plant and animal species live in tropical rainforests, with many more yet to be discovered. Flowering plants predominant; fertilized mainly by insects, birds, and bats. Only tallest trees get light; most vegetation adapted to grow in almost permanent shade. Note: only a small percentage of tropical forests are rainforests.

Answer 11

Along the coast of the Pacific Northwest from Northern California up through Oregon, Washington, and into Canada.

Answer 12

[probably needs updating] Two-toed sloth [?] Howler monkeys Black and white and red ruffed lemur Green-winged macaw Many birds, reptiles, and amphibians in tropical rainforest building. Some tropical rainforest arthropods in insect zoo.

Answer 13

Occur in temperate and tropical areas with reduced rainfall (10-30 inches per year) or prolonged dry seasons. Sparse trees, shrubs and bushes, tall grass. Sometimes harsh conditions such as drought or wildfires. Grasses survive fires because they grow from the bottom [and can have deep roots]. Many animals rest in shade during hot part of the day. Animals: burrowers, grazers/browsers (many large herding animals), consumers

Answer 14

Petition resources to coexist, eating from all different parts of the shrub or grass shoot Some eat only the tips, some eat the middle, and some only eat new shoots or roots. Grazers eat grass on the ground; browsers eat vegetation on bushes and trees.

Answer 15

Lion Giraffe Zebra Kudu [still have kudu?] Black rhino Wallaroo Prairie dog

Answer 16

The tundra and desert biomes occupy the most extreme environments, with little or no moisture and extremes of temperature. These two biomes have the fewest numbers of species due to the stringent environmental conditions.

Answer 17

Climate (temperature, rainfall, light, and altitude), available food sources, available plant life (provides food and shelter), other species it interacts with and predators (presence or absence of). Animals that live in similar environments develop similar adaptations.

Answer 18

The ecological role and space that an organism fills in an ecosystem. An animal's niche includes its usage of resources, its unique way of life and its relationship to other biotic and abiotic factors. No two species hold the exact same niche. "Niche: all of the environmental factors and interspecies relationships that influence the species." (https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/niche/) (further details on other cards)

Answer 19

No two species can occupy the exact same niche, though species may share the same habitat. If two species are competing for the same niche, the one that is best adapted to the range of conditions present will survive by having the higher birth rate and/or lower death rate. In natural situations, species that might compete have evolved ways to reduce competition and divide resources.

Answer 20

Where it lives, when it is active, what it eats.

Answer 21

The niche of a two-toed sloth: -Lives in tropical and cloud forests of Central and South America -Herbivorous -Nocturnal -Lives in the understory and canopy of rainforest trees. -Primarily eats leaves, but also can eat berries, nuts, fruits, bark. -Predators include big forest cats (jaguars, ocelots), harpy eagles, large snakes (anacondas)

Answer 22

living in the trees.

Answer 23

Adapted to digging and life underground.

Answer 24

Hunt or forage for food at different times of the day. Those who forage at night are nocturnal. Those who hunt during the day are diurnal and those who hunt during the twilight (either dawn or dusk) hours are considered crepuscular.

Answer 25

Those who are active at night are nocturnal. Those who are active during the day are diurnal and those who are active during the twilight (either dawn or dusk) hours are considered crepuscular.

Answer 26

A process used by plants to convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the plant's activities. -The sun's energy is captured by chlorophyll in the plant's leaves. This energy fuels a chemical reaction with carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose, the main fuel that powers life. Oxygen is a by-product of this reaction and is released into the air.

Answer 27

Plants (via photosynthesis)

Answer 28

Plants must breathe just as animals do; they take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. Their photosynthetic activity is however greater than their respiratory activity resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen levels.

Answer 29

Producer: Organisms in an ecosystem that produce biomass from inorganic compounds. They make their own energy. E.g., plants, bacteria at deep-sea ocean vents (hydrogen sulfide + methane -> glucose). Consumer: organisms of a food chain that receive energy by consuming other organisms. Through photosynthesis, plants make their own nutrients; they are producers. Anything that eats a plant (or another consumer) is considered a consumer.

Answer 30

The idea that everything in nature is connected to everything else; what happens to one plant or animal also affects other plants and animals.

Answer 31

The linear sequence of who eats whom in an ecosystem to obtain nutrition.

Answer 32

A food chain.

Answer 33

Producer - make their own energy via photosynthesis (plants) or chemosynthesis (bacteria at deep-sea ocean vents; hydrogen sulfide + methane -> glucose). Consumers - get energy from the food they eat; they survive by eating producers or other consumers, gaining the chemical energy from the original process of the producer -Primary consumer - Herbivores. Eats plants. -Secondary/tertiary consumer - Eats a primary(/secondary) consumer; is a carnivore. -Decomposer - Break down dead plant and animal matter at any level and help recycle nutrients back into the soil so that they can be used again. In this way nutrients are cycled through the food chain.

Answer 34

Herbivore: an animal that gets its energy from eating plants, and only plants. Carnivore: an animal that gets its energy from eating other animals Omnivore: Eats both meat and vegetation.

Answer 35

Folivore: eats only stems and leaves Frugivore: eats only fruit Insectivore: eats only insects (subset of carnivore) Note: insects are considered meat

Answer 36

Inorganic compounds providing nourishment for living things. Examples: -phosphorous, which is in your teeth, bones, and cellular membranes. -nitrogen, which is part of your amino acids, the building blocks of protein and the iron in your blood.

Answer 37

A food web shows the more complex feeding connections/relationships present in an ecosystem, with circular paths connecting consumers back to producers. Several food chains put together.

Answer 38

Helps us understand how best to protect ecosystems

Answer 39

Special characteristics or features (evolved over time) which allow a species to be successful in their habitat. Animals that live in similar environments develop similar adaptations.

Answer 40

There are both physical and behavioral adaptations.

Answer 41

-Camouflage - an external physical characteristic. Blend into environment and avoid detection. A dry, savanna animal will be tan or brown, a wet, rainforest animal will be glossy green, and so forth. -Coloring with physiological benefit - lighter colors reflect more of the sun's radiation than a darker one and thus helps them to remain cool. -Seeking shade resting in the hottest part of the day - (e.g., kangaroo) a behavioral adaptation

Answer 42

-Levels of the food chain; animals classified by their feeding behavior[; animals in the same level share the same nutritional relationship to the primary source of energy] -1st trophic level: plants collect about 1% of the sun's energy [that falls on them]. -Each successive trophic level: 10% of available energy is transferred to next level. -The rest of the energy is used up in metabolic processes, movement, heat. -There are fewer and fewer species at each higher level. -Energy is transferred from the producer, to herbivore, to consumer/predator, to the decomposer. -Net loss of energy as you move up, fewer animals can be supported at each higher level. -The collective mass (biomass) of all the biological material becomes less at each higher trophic level. -Nutrients are cycled through a food web and returned to the soil by the decomposers, but the energy lost to the environment cannot be recycled.

Answer 43

Collective mass of the biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms in an ecosystem (or a subset of an ecosystem) at a given time.

Answer 44

The long term prevailing weather patterns of a region as temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation, air pressure in an area are averaged over a series of years. Climate is influenced by latitude, altitude, terrain, and nearby bodies of water.

Answer 45

Fundamental threat to the habitats and species who live in them. Organisms survive within specific ranges of temperature, precipitation, humidity, and sunlight. When conditions change, organisms must adapt or migrate, or they will perish. Note that plants can't migrate as quickly as animals. Many species will not adapt quickly enough; invasive, more "weedy" species may dominate. Increased average temperatures may lead to an increased water stress Altered timing of seasonal changes affects food availability for migratory species (food sources hatch/bloom too early or not at all); coordination of pollinators and pollinatees. Sea-level rise and changes in inland precipitation affect costal marshes and estuaries along the pacific flyway Potential for mass extinctions.

Answer 46

Polar bear. Rely heavily on Arctic sea ice when hunting for food. During long summer months, they are starving as the ice melts earlier each spring and arrives later in the fall.

Answer 47

Warmer water temperatures will cause population declines for trout, salmon, and many other species that require cold water to survive.

Answer 48

Burmese python would thrive in the warming temperatures. Highly adaptable to new environments. Burmese python could colonize one-third of the USA, including San Francisco. Can be 20 feet long and 250 pounds.

Answer 49

-Carl Linnaeus (Swedish botanist) in the 18th Century put forth a hierarchical classification system giving unique names to every plant and animal both extinct and extant (in System Naturae, 1758). -Linnaeus proposed a binomial nomenclature which turned out to be an important turning point in how we give formal names to organisms.

Answer 50

-By using a universal two part (binomial) name unique to each organism, confusion could be eliminated. The scientific names that Linnaeus proposed allowed scientists from across the world to discuss the same animal (or plant) that might be called by different common names in each region they existed. -Provided a way for studying the relationships between these organisms (both extinct and extant).

Answer 51

A formal system of naming species by giving each a name composed of two parts; one indicating the genus and one indicating the species. Each binomial name is unique to a specific species.

Answer 52

Morphology. Defined groups based on shared characteristics of animal form and structure. The Linnaean classification system is not based on evolution; it was created long before scientists understood that organisms evolved.

Answer 53

Also include ancestral or evolutionary relationships (phylogenetic analysis), overall similarity of morphology and observable traits (phenetic analysis), and DNA analysis.

Answer 54

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Answer 55

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria

Answer 56

Phylum and Division (traditionally in botany the term Division is used in plant and fungi classification and is equivalent to the rank of phylum)

Answer 57

An individual belonging to a group of organisms having common characteristics and are capable of mating with one another to produce fertile offspring.

Answer 58

Sometimes, but some may produce sterile offspring

Answer 59

Combines its genus and species. The genus is always capitalized and underlined or in italics. The species is never capitalized, but is underlined or in italics.

Answer 60

Homo sapiens. (H. sapiens)

Answer 61

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Pan Species: troglodytes Species name: Pan trogolodytes

Answer 62

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata

Answer 63

More recently, biologists are switching to a system that reflects organisms' evolutionary history or phylogeny. Phylogenetic classification system names clades (groups of organisms, living and extinct, that are all descended from a common ancestor). Branching pattern of phylogenies provides information about the relationships among organisms.

Answer 64

A taxonomic group of organisms classified together on the basis of homologous features traced to a common ancestor. A clade includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor.

Answer 65

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

Answer 66

The evolutionary history of a kind of organism

Ecology_basics_-_Zoo_BI_1 Flashcards

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