ecomms

Question 1

Basic Components

Answer 1

a transmitter, a communication channel (medium), and a receiver.

Question 2

is an interference that degrades the transmitted
information.

Answer 2

noise

Question 3

Converts the message into an electronic signal suitable for transmission.

Answer 3

transmitter

Question 4

Electrical Conductors

Answer 4

Includes wires, coaxial cables, and twisted-pair cables.

Question 5

Fiber-optic cables carry messages using light waves, commonly
used for long-distance communication.

Answer 5

Optical Media

Question 6

nterferes with the communication process and is a significant issue in
receivers.

Answer 6

Noise

Question 7

FreeSpace

Answer 7

Radio (wireless communication) uses the electromagnetic spectrum
to transmit signals through electric and magnetic fields.

Question 8

Other Media

Answer 8

Includes sonar (using water), the earth itself, and AC power lines
(carrier current transmission or power line communications)

Question 9

Receiver

Answer 9

Converts the transmitted signal back into a human-understandable form.

Question 10

Signal degradation occurs over distance and is proportional to the square
of the distance.

Answer 10

Attenuation:

Question 11

Transceivers:

Answer 11

These are devices that can both transmit and receive signals, commonly
found in phones, radios, and modems.

Question 12

Two-way communication where both parties can transmit and
receive simultaneously, such as in telephone conversations.

Answer 12

Full Duplex

Question 13

are continuously varying voltages or currents

Answer 13

Analog Signals

Question 14

ASCII

Answer 14

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Question 15

Two-way communication where transmission is alternated between
parties.

Answer 15

Half Duplex:

Question 16

are the original information signals, whether analog
or digital.

Answer 16

Baseband Transmission

Question 17

change in discrete steps or increments and typically
use binary (two-state) codes.

Answer 17

Digital Signals

Question 18

Allows multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a
single communication medium, increasing efficiency

Answer 18

Multiplexing

Question 19

Digital Modulation Techniques:

Answer 19

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK): Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)

Question 20

A technique that makes information signals compatible with the
transmission medium by modifying a carrier signal with the baseband signal

Answer 20

Modulation

Question 21

The process at the receiver end to extract the original baseband
signal from the modulated carrier signal.

Answer 21

Demodulation:

Question 22

The baseband signal varies the amplitude of the
carrier signal.

Answer 22

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Question 23

The baseband signal varies the phase angle of the
carrier signal

Answer 23

Phase Modulation (PM)

Question 24

Involves modifying a carrier signal using the baseband signal to
create a broadband signal for transmission.

Answer 24

Modulation Process

Question 25

The baseband signal varies the frequency of the carrier signal

Answer 25

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Question 26

Signals are sampled sequentially, and pieces of each are transmitted in turn, allowing reconstruction at the receiving end.

Answer 26

Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM):

Question 27

Each signal modulates a subcarrier at a different frequency, and all are combined for transmission.

Answer 27

Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Question 28

Signals are converted to digital data, uniquely coded, and transmitted simultaneously on the same frequency. Unique codes are used at the receiver to select the desired signal

Answer 28

Code-Division Multiplexing (CDM)

Question 29

located above the millimeter-wave region, includes infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light

Answer 29

The Optical Spectrum

Question 30

are essential for ensuring compatibility between different communication systems.

Answer 30

Standards

Question 31

Higher frequencies allow for more channels and wider bandwidths for signals like TV broadcasts, which require a 6 MHz bandwidth

Answer 31

Spectrum Utilization

Question 32

When information is modulated onto a carrier frequency, the signal occupies a certain portion of the spectrum around that carrier frequency, including sidebands generated by modulation.

Answer 32

Channel Bandwidth

Question 33

The electromagnetic spectrum is a finite resource. To manage it effectively, governments set up agencies to control its use.

Answer 33

Spectrum Management

Question 34

300-3000 MHz, used in TV, mobile phones, and radar.

Answer 34

Ultrahigh Frequencies (UHFs)

Question 35

refers to the range of frequencies within the electromagnetic spectrum that a signal occupies.

Answer 35

Bandwidth

Question 36

(NTC)

Answer 36

National Telecommunications Commission

Question 37

(DICT)

Answer 37

Department of Information and Communications Technology

Question 38

Challenges

Answer 38

Infrastructure Gaps: Service Quality: Regulatory Hurdles Digital Divide:

Question 39

Future Outlook

Answer 39

Infrastructure Development: Increased Competition Digital Transformation

Question 40

Electronic communication is integral to modern life, with a variety of applications that most people are already familiar with, such as telephones

Answer 40

Communication Applications