Economic And Social Development Flashcards
Why does Russia’s economy remain relatively weak?
1/3 of all government expenditure went on the repayment of debts
The Russian rouble was the subject of wild variation regarding its value
Taxation system left 66% of government revenue coming from indirect taxation - kept peasants poor and domestic market small
When was was the Great Famine and how many people died?
1891 - 92
Over 350, 000 deaths
What were Vyshnegradsky’s words in response of the famine and what did this mean to the people?
“We ourselves shall not eat, but shall export”
The Tsar was more concerned about foreign affairs than his own subjects
When was Russia’s first railway completed?
1837
What percentage of Russia’s railway system was owned by the state?
70% of all of Russia’s railway system was owned by the state by the mid 1890s
When did oil extraction in the Caspian Sea port of Baku begin?
1871
What was Russia’s comparative growth in national income?
50% The lowest behind France (52%), Germany (58%) Britain (70%) Austria (79%) Italy (120%)
What was opened up by the Trans Siberian railway?
When was this?
New agricultural settlements in Siberia which could be farmed
The government sponsored people to emigrate there in 1896
Why did society remain highly stratified following emancipation?
Redemption fees and Indirect tax kept peasants poor
Many ex serf owners retained some of their wealth and status by joining local government such as Zemstva and others saw there future in business
Why was Vyshnegradsky dismissed following the great famine?
Vyshnegradsky’s policies worsened the disaster
He increased indirect taxes
Many peasants saw there grain demanded and taken from them by the state
This caused masses to be left without any grain reserve throughout the winter
Bad harvest then made way for widespread famine
Explain 4 key facts about Von Reutern’s reforms
1862 - 1878
Tax farming abolished - replaced with a fairer system
Overall there was an annual growth rate of 6%
Oil extraction began in the Caspian Sea port of Baku in 1871
Textiles remained the dominant industry
Why were land banks set up?
In support of peasants who wished to acquire land directly
Increased peasant ownership
Interest rates were kept deliberately low
As a result of land banks how much land was last over to peasants?
When was this between?
26 million hectares
Between 1877 - 1905
What 3 measure were put in place to combat poor working conditions in factories? When was this?
Series of reforms in 1882
Regulation of child labour
Reduction in working hours
Appointment of inspectors, given authority to check up on factories and condition
