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Ensc > Ecosystems and Living Organisms Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Ecosystems and Living Organisms Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

cumulative genetic changes that occur in a population overtime

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2
Q

How does evolution occur?

A

through natural selection

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3
Q

Who proposed evolution theories

A

charles darwin, a 19th century naturalist

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4
Q

What is natural selection?

A

individuals with more favorable genetic traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

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5
Q

What observations is natural selection based on?

A
  1. high reproductive capacity
  2. heritable variation
  3. limits on population growth or a struggle for existence
  4. differential reproductive success
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6
Q

What is High Productive Capacity?

A

produce more offspring than will survive to maturity

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7
Q

What is Heritable Variation?

A

individuals vary in traits that may impact survival

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8
Q

What are limits on population growth or struggle for existence?

A

outside pressure on which individuals will survive

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9
Q

What is Differential Reproductive Success?

A

best-adapted individuals reproduce more successfully than less adapted individuals

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10
Q

What is the Modern Synthesis?

A

ecologists synthesized Darwin’s theory with growing knowledge of genetics, molecular biology, developmental biology, and the fossil record

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11
Q

What is Archaea?

A

frequently live in oxygen-deficient environments; often adapted to harsh conditions

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12
Q

What is bacteria?

A

all other prokaryotes; thousands of species; important in biochemical cycles

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13
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

do not possess a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles

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14
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

possess a high degree of internal organization (nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc)

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14
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

possess a high degree of internal organization (nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc)

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15
Q

What is Population Ecology?

A

study of populations; how and why numbers change over time

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16
Q

What is population ecology important for?

A

endangered species, invasive species, proper management

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17
Q

What is population density?

A

the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume at a given time

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18
Q

What is growth rate?

A

rate of change of a population’s size, expressed as a percent per year

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19
Q

What is the growth rate formula?

A

r= b-d

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20
Q

What does “r” stand for in r=b-d?

A

growth rate

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21
Q

What does “b” stand for in r=b-d?

A

births/1000 people

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22
Q

What does “d” stand for in r=b-d?

A

deaths/1000 people

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23
Q

What formula accounts for dispersal?

A

r= (b-d) + (i-e)

24
Q

What does “i” stand for in r=(b-d)+(i-e)?

A

immigration rate

25
Q

What does “e” stand for in r=(b-d)+(i-e)?

A

emigration rate

26
Q

What is dispersal?

A

movement of individuals in or out of an area

27
Q

What is intrinsic rate of growth (biotic potential)?

A

exponential growth under ideal conditions

28
Q

What are the rates with larger organisms?

A

larger organisms, smaller rates

29
Q

What are the rate with smaller organisms?

A

smaller organisms, faster reproduction rates, larger intrinsic rates of increase

30
Q

What characteristics determine a species’ growth rate?

A
  1. age of onset of reproduction
  2. fraction of lifespan for reproduction
  3. # of reproductive periods
  4. # of offspring per reproductive period
31
Q

What are environmental limits (resistance to intrinsic growth)?

A

prevent indefinite reproduction and unfavorable food, water, shelter predation, etc

32
Q

What is negative feedback mechanism?

A

change in condition triggers response that reverses condition

33
Q

What is carrying capacity (K)?

A

maximum # of individuals an environment can support

34
Q

What does carry capacity cause?

A

causes leveling off of exponential growth and s-shaped curve of logistic population growth

35
Q

What factors affect population size?

A

density- dependent and density- independent factors

36
Q

What is a density-dependent factor?

A

effect on population changes as population density changes (predation, disease, and competition)

37
Q

What is a density-independent factor?

A

factors that affects population size, but is not influenced by changes in population density (killing frost, severe blizzard, or fire)

38
Q

What can density-dependent factors lead to?

A

to boom-or-bust population cycles

39
Q

What are biological communities?

A

communities vary greatly in size and lack precise boundaries

40
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

totality of an organism’s adaptations, its use of resources, and the lifestyle to which it is fitted

41
Q

What aspects does an ecological niche take into account?

A

all aspect of an organisms existence

42
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

potential idealized ecological niche

43
Q

What is a realized niche?

A

the actual niche the organism occupies

44
Q

What are limiting resources?

A

any environmental resource that restricts the ecological niche of an organism

45
Q

What is intra-specific?

A

competition between individuals in a population

46
Q

What is inter-specific?

A

competition between individuals in two different species

47
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

one species excludes another from a portion of the same niche as a result of competition for resources

48
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

coexisting species’ niche differ from each other

49
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

an intimate relationship between members of two or more species

50
Q

What are the three types of symbiosis?

A

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

51
Q

What is mutualism?

A

symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit

52
Q

What is commensalism?

A

symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

53
Q

What is parasitism?

A

symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited and the other is harmed

54
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

a species, often a predator, that exerts profound influence on a community

55
Q

When do keystone species get noticed?

A

the dependence of other species on the keystone species is apparent when the keystone species is removed

56
Q

What is species richness?

A

the number of species in a community

57
Q

What is species richness related to?

A

the abundance of potential ecological niches

58
Q

What can species richness do to communities?

A

make them more stable

Ensc (6 decks)

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