Ecosystems and Population Change

Question 1

Ecosystem

Answer 1

The biotic community and all abiotic factors

Question 2

Community

Answer 2

All the living organisms/populations in an area

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

Group of organisms of the same species

Question 4

Niche

Answer 4

Organisms proffession/role in the enviornment

Question 5

Competition

Answer 5

Having different niches reduces competition between species ex) hawks vs. Owls

Question 6

Biodiversity

Answer 6

The number and variety of organisms in an ecosystem- greater biodiversity means more stability

Question 7

indicator species

Answer 7

organisms that provide an early warning that an ecosystem is being changed- sensitive to changes in and ecosystem

Question 8

invasive species

Answer 8

introduced species that occupy niches of natural populations and out compete them- can cause extinction of natural species

Question 9

biological control

Answer 9

using a natural predictor to control and unwanted species

Question 10

genetically modified crops

Answer 10

transfer of genes from one organism to another unrelated organism ex) roundup resistance in canola

Question 11

biotic potential

Answer 11

the maximum number of offspring that could be produced with unlimited resources

Question 12

environmental resistance

Answer 12

limiting factors on a population, food, shelter, water, predation, etc.- puts brakes on biotic potential

Question 13

logistic growth

Answer 13

s shaped curve- type of population where the growth rate is influenced by the population size and natural resistance, leading to a sustainable maximum point known as carrying capacity

Question 14

carrying capacity

Answer 14

the number of organisms a habitat can sustain over the long term “k”

Question 15

exponential growth

Answer 15

j shaped curve occurs with short lived populations that rapidly deplete their environment- assumed unlimited resources

Question 16

overshoots

Answer 16

result when carrying capacity is greatly exceeded and the environment deteriorates

Question 17

density independent limiting factors

Answer 17

will affect a population regardless of it’s size ex) temperature, natural disasters

Question 18

density dependent limiting factors

Answer 18

increased effect when the population size increases ex) disease, predation, food supply

Question 19

taxonomy

Answer 19

naming system- first word is genus, second is the species

Question 20

species

Answer 20

a group of organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring

Question 21

Monera

Answer 21

single prokaryotic cells, no nucleus or organelles ex) bacteria and blue green algae

Question 22

protista

Answer 22

mostly single celled, eukaryotic nucleus, usually aquatic

Question 23

fungi

Answer 23

multicellular, heterotrophic, chitin cell walls

Question 24

plantae

Answer 24

multicellular, producers, cellulose cell wall

Question 25

animalia

Answer 25

multicellular, heterotrophs

Question 26

limiting abiotic factors in terrestrial ecosystems

Answer 26

soil, available water, temperatures, sunlight

Question 27

changes to terrestrial ecosystems

Answer 27

forestry, forest fires

Question 28

ecological succession

Answer 28

gradual change of community as it is either developed from bare land or replace by another community

Question 29

pioneer community

Answer 29

is the first species to appear during succession

Question 30

climax community

Answer 30

is the final stable community that results at the end of succession

Question 31

primary succession

Answer 31

the gradual colonization of an area that has not supported an ecosystem before

Question 32

secondary succession

Answer 32

the colonization of an area that once supported an ecosystem that was destroyed by fire, flood, etc.

Question 33

littoral zone

Answer 33

shallow enough for rooted aquatic plants

Question 34

limnetic zone

Answer 34

from edge of emergent plant zone to the center of the lake, but only to depth of effective light penetration ex) plankton

Question 35

profundal zone

Answer 35

deep dark area beneath the limnetic zone, feed on organic rain of detritis, bacteria, worms, decomposes

Question 36

benthic zone

Answer 36

the area at the bottom of the lake or pond

Question 37

eutrophication

Answer 37

aging to become bogs, meadows and then the forest, matter is added to water through erosion, runoff, etc.

Question 38

eutrophic lakes

Answer 38

shallow, warm, turbid, and low oxygen always

Question 39

oligotrophic lakes

Answer 39

have few nutrients, so eutrophication is very slow, deep, cold, higher oxygen

Question 40

mesotrophic lakes

Answer 40

are between eutrophic and oligotrophic

Question 41

phylogeny

Answer 41

the history of the evolution of a group of organisms

Question 42

Lamarck theories

Answer 42

the law of use and disuse: organisms can change their body features during their lifetimes to satisfy their needs. acquired characteristics are inherited: those characteristics changed during their lifetime can be passed on to offspring ex) giraffes are able to stretch their necks to reach food.

Question 43

Darwin theories

Answer 43

assumed that all species evolved from a common ancestor from the mainland proposed that evolution occurred by natural selection and published his theory in 1859

Question 44

theory of natural selection 5

Answer 44

1. overproduction- more produced than can survive 2. struggle for existence- competition within and between species 3. variation- genetic differences in populations passed on to the next gen 4. survival of the fittest- surviving organisms better equipped to compete and reproduce 5. speciation- new species arise by accumulation of inherited variations of traits- mutation or new combos

Question 45

adaptation types

Answer 45

1. structural- structures that improve a species ability to survive/reproduce ex) camo 2. physiological- based on chemicals ex) pheromones 3. behavioral- behaviors ex) migration, hibernation, phototropism

Question 46

convergence

Answer 46

very different species develop similar adaptations due to similar environments

Question 47

divergence/adaptive radiation

Answer 47

similar species become quite different due to differing environments

Question 48

two versions of evolution

Answer 48

1) gradualism- species gain small changes with time 2) punctuated equilibrium- new species exist suddenly with better adaptation- rapidly adaption becomes only one in the environment

Question 49

evidence for evolution

Answer 49

fossil record radiocarbon dating embryology- all embryos go through similar stages homologous structures- have common origins in the embryos analogous structures- similar structures but develop from different embryological structures, no common ancestor vestigial structures- present in organisms that have no present day functions comparative biochemistry