Respiration and Excretion

Question 1

External respiration

Answer 1

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the cells of the lungs.

Question 2

Internal respiration

Answer 2

exchange of gases between body cells and the blood.

Question 3

cellular respiration

Answer 3

chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide.

Question 4

breathing or ventilation

Answer 4

the process by which air enters and leaves the respiratory organs
always involves a moist thin membrane

Question 5

lower animals

Answer 5

single celled/smaller animals use diffusion alone to breathe through their moist skin or membrane ex) fish use their gills.

Question 6

nasal chambers

Answer 6

air is filtered, warmed, and moistened by hairs, mucous, and sinus cavities

Question 7

oral cavity

Answer 7

second entryway for air
larger opening for less filter

Question 8

pharynx

Answer 8

area at the back of throat where both nasal and oral cavities open to

Question 9

epiglottis

Answer 9

prevents the food from entering the trachea

Question 10

trachea

Answer 10

the windpipe lined with rings of cartilage for support, lined with cilia to sweep debris away
also cilliated is the membranes of the upper respiratory passages

Question 11

larynx

Answer 11

is the voicebox that contains vocal cords

Question 12

bronchi

Answer 12

trachea branches into two bronchi, which then branch into smaller bronchi oles
no cartilage in bronchi oles they contain smooth muscle that contracts and expands with each breath

Question 13

asthma

Answer 13

breathing condition that is from the over constriction of the smooth constricting muscle in the bronchi oles

Question 14

alveoli

Answer 14

the air sacs at the end of the bronchi oles
single cell thick, moist, surrounded by a capillary bed- which is the site of gas exchange

Question 15

surfactant

Answer 15

a lipoprotein secreted by lung tissue to prevent collapse of alveoli

Question 16

pleural membranes

Answer 16

surround the lungs, have fluid between to reduce friction

Question 17

gas exchange

Answer 17

gas moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure
pleural pressure = pressure in the lungs
atmospheric pressure = air pressure outside the lungs

Question 18

inspiration vs. expiration

Answer 18

inspiration occurs when pleural pressure is less that atmospheric pressure
expiration occurs when pleural pressure is greater that atmospheric pressure

Question 19

diaphragm

Answer 19

a dome shaped muscle at the base of the ribcage

Question 20

intercostal muscles

Answer 20

are between ribs

Question 21

inspiration

Answer 21

diaphragm contracts and moves downward
intercostals move ribcage up and out
the net result is an increase in lung volume and a decrease in pleural pressure
air moves into the lungs

Question 22

expiration

Answer 22

diaphragm relaxes and domes up
intercostal muscles relax
the net result is a decrease in lung volume and an increase in pleural pressure
gas moves out

Question 23

regulation of breathing- brain

Answer 23

chemorecptors in medulla detect carbon dioxide, as carbon dioxide levels increase the nerves from the brain send messages to respiratory muscles to increase breathing rate

Question 24

regulation of breathing- heart

Answer 24

oxygen recptors in the aorta and carotid arteries are a back up for when CO2 stays normal but oxygen is low ex) high altitude

Question 25

oxygen transport

Answer 25

oxygen binds with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin, each hb molecule can carry four oxygen molecules

Question 26

oxyhemoglobin dissociation

Answer 26

hemoglobins affinity for oxygen decreses as the acidity (carbon dioxide levels) increase oxygen delivery increases to tissues in need

Question 27

carbon dioxide transport ways it's carried 20x more soluble than oxygen

Answer 27

carried in three ways: 1. some dissolved in blood plasma 2.combines with hemoglobin 3. most combines with water in the plasma to form carbonic acid which then breaks down into bicarbonate ions reaction is catalysed by carbonic anhydrase enzyme

Question 28

carbon monoxide

Answer 28

competes with oxygen for sites on hemoglobin- carboxyhemoglobin 200x more affinity for hb than oxygen

Question 29

high altitude

Answer 29

body adapts by: short term- increseing force and rate of breathing increasing production of rbcs using hormone erythropoetien increases lung capacity

Question 30

the process by which the body rids itself of metabolic wastes

Answer 30

1. lungs eliminate carbon dioxide 2. large intestine eliminates toxic digestive waste 3. liver deaminates amino acids to form ammonia 4. kidneys remove urea and uric acid

Question 31

ureters

Answer 31

tubes from kidneys to bladder, have muscular walls- peristalsis, about 25 cm long

Question 32

bladder

Answer 32

stores urine- holds up to 600 ml

Question 33

urethra

Answer 33

from bladder to exterior- longer in males 20 cm vs. 4 cm- less infections get to bladder

Question 34

kidneys

Answer 34

2 of them removes metabolic wastes from blood and regulates pH and water balance

Question 35

the nephron

Answer 35

microscopic filters - 1 million in each kidney

Question 36

regions of kidney

Answer 36

1) cortex- outermost, contains most parts of nephrons 2) the medulla- middle region, contains loop of henle, collecting ducts of nephrons 3) renal pelvis- the mostly hollow inermost region, collecting ducts merge to form ureter

Question 37

micturition

Answer 37

the voluntary release of spintchers controlling the urine output from bladder also aided by contraction of bladder wall

Question 38

formation of urine

Answer 38

done by the nephrons three stages: filtration, reabsorbtion, and secretion

Question 39

filtration

Answer 39

high blood pressure in the glomerulus forces small molecules out of the blood and into Bowman's capsule, water ions, amino acids, urea, and glucose can pass into Bowman's capsule. red, white blood cells and platelets cannot. somethings wrong if they do.

Question 40

reabsorbtion

Answer 40

essential nutrients and water is reabsorbed into the blood stream and distributed to the body at the main site of proximal convoluted tubule

Question 41

secretion

Answer 41

activly transporting materials back into urine from the blood ex) nitrogenous waste, water proximal tublue secretes H+ which helps maintain pH, blood is neutral and H+ makes it acidic so it must be.

Question 42

Aldosterone homone

Answer 42

secreted from the cortex of the adrenal glands when blood pressure is low- it causes the DCT and collecting ducts to increase na transport into blood. chloride ions and water flow passively. the net result is blood pressure increases and urine output decreases,concentration increases

Question 43

Antidiurcetic hormone

Answer 43

produced by hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary gland. h monitors water content of blood and adh is release when body is dehydrated. adh makes the nephron more permeable to water so more is reabsorbed, and as a result the urine is more concentrated. diuretics like alcohol and caffine inhibit adh production so urine output increases.

Question 44

diabetes mellitis

Answer 44

inadequate secretion of insulin, without insulin blood glucose levels are high and excess glucose remains in the nephron. the high osmotic gradient prevents water reabsorbtion and increases urine production

Question 45

diabetes insipidus

Answer 45

lack of adh production, urine output increases up to 20L per day, no sugar in urine

Question 46

nephritis

Answer 46

inflammation of the nephrons, osmotic gradient causes increase in urine, and protein in urine is a common symptom- can lead to kidney damage.

Question 47

hemopdialysis

Answer 47

artificial kidney machine connects to a vein and pumps blood through semipermeable tubes submerged in a solution to remove waste.

Question 48

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 48

a catheater is inserted through abdominal lining, fluid is injected to collect waste and is drained.

Question 49

kidney stones

Answer 49

crystallized oxalic acid or calcium or phosphate. can be surgical removed, drugs to dissolve or shock waves lithotripsy