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ectoderm Flashcards

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1
Q

ectoderm is derived from

A

differentiated epiblast cells

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2
Q

trophectoderm markers

A

Cdx2+

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3
Q

epiblast markers

A

Nanog+ and Oct4+

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4
Q

primitive ectoderm markers

A

FGF5+, Nanog+ and Oct4+

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5
Q

hypoblast markers

A

Gata6+ and Sox17+

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6
Q

Visceral endoderm markers

A

Hnf4+

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7
Q

Parietal endoderm markers

A

tPA+

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8
Q

inner cell mass derivatives

A

primitive endoderm and primitive ectoderm

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9
Q

derivative of primitive endoderm

A

visceral endoderm and parietal endoderm

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10
Q

derivative of primitive ectoderm

A

definitive ectoderm and primitive streak

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11
Q

derivative of definitive ectoderm

A

surface ectoderm and neurectoderm

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12
Q

derivative of primitive streak

A

definitive mesoderm and definitive endoderm

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13
Q

derivatives of surface ectoderm

A

epidermis, hair, nails, sebaceous gland, olfactory epithelium, mouth epithelium, anterior pituitary, tooth enamel, cheek epithelium, lens, cornea, feather

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14
Q

derivatives of neural tube

A

brain, spinal cord, neural pituitary, motor neurons, retina and pineal gland

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15
Q

derivatives of neural crest cells

A

peripheral nervous system, schwann cells, neurological cells, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, facial cartilage and dentine of teeth

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16
Q

basal unit of ectodermal organogenesis

A

placode

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17
Q

Signaling at the hair and feather placode (activators)

A

WNT, FGF, TGFB2, EDAR

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18
Q

Signaling at the hair and feather placode (inhibitors)

A

BMP, TGFB1

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19
Q

formation of the vertebrate nervous system in embryos

A

Neurulation

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20
Q

secreted by the notochord, inhibits BMP

A

noggin, chordin, follistatin

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21
Q

why is BMP inhibited

A

to form the neural tissue to differentiate the neural plate into neural tube

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22
Q

during gastrulation, a population of the dorsal ectoderm is specified to become

A

neural ectoderm

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23
Q

the neural plate is induced to form the neural tube by signals from the underlying mesoderm (notochord)

A

primary neurulation

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24
Q

mophogenetic movement that is involved in primary neurulation

25
stages of primary neurulation
1. elongation and folding of neural plate 2. bending of neural plate 3. convergence of neural folds 4. closure of neural tube
26
generates mechanical forces to bend the neural plate
programmed cell death
27
neurulation in mouse
Multiple closure points: at the hindbrain/cervical boundary, at the forebrain/midbrain boundary and at the most rostral end of the forebrain.
28
neurulation in chick
Two points of closure initiation: at the level of the future midbrain and at the hindbrain-cervical boundary, with bidirectional zippering between the sites.
29
neurulation in xenopus
Exhibit closure almost simultaneously along the entire body axis
30
neurulation in teleost fish
no formation of neural folds at all; rather, the NP cells coalesce to form a neural keel and the NT lumen opens subsequently within this structure
31
the regulation of hinge points revolves around ____ as an antagonist to both _____ and _____ formation
BMP, DLHP and MHP
32
________ _____________ occurs only in those cells experiencing low enough concentrations of both BMP (MHP and DLHP) and Shh (DLHP) morphogens.
Apical constriction
33
separates from surrounding ectoderm and seals to form hollow tube
neural tube
34
If N-cadherin is over- expressed in the surrounding surface ectoderm
neural tube closure is impeded
35
Neural tube closure coordination among
nuclear genes, cytoplasmic proteins, and ECM proteins
36
secondary neurulation stages
1. Occurs beyond the caudal neuropore lumbar and tail region 2. Exclusive mechanism for fish 3. Starts with formation of medullary cord 4. Cavitation of cord to form hollow tube
37
differentiation of neural tube
* Major morphological changes: differentiation of brain vesicles and spinal cord * Differentiation of neural tube cells * Development of peripheral nervous system
38
sensory neurons
dorsal
39
motor neurons
ventral
40
The differentiation of the neural tube is a highly organized process driven by
inductive cascades
41
differentiation of neural tube dorsal pathway
BMPs from epidermis -> Roof plate cells in neural tube -> TGF-B cascade -> Cell differentiation
42
differentiation of neural tube ventral pathway
Sonic hedgehog from notochord and retinoic acid from somites -> Floor plate cells of neural tube -> shh gradient -> Cell differentiation
43
originate in dorsal neural tube
Neural Crest Cells (NCCs)
44
To populate the body with a variety of cell types
Migrate extensively
45
Variety of cell types
Neurons, glia, adrenal medulla, pigment cells of the skin (melanocytes), skeletal components of head
46
neural crest formation
form at the junction of the neural plate and the epidermal ectoderm
47
for neural crest specification
FoxD3
48
for neural crest migration
Slug
49
migratory NCCS specifications
1. Trunk neural crest 2. Vagal neural crest 3. Cardiac neural crest 4. Cranial neural crest
50
derivatives of cranial ncc
1. chondrocytes 2. osteocytes 2. cranial sensory ganglia 3. ciliary ganglia 4. odontoblasts 5. thyroid cells
51
derivatives of vagal ncc
cardiac 1. smooth muscle cells 2. cardiac septa 3. pericytes 1. ganglia 2. mesenchyme 3. pericytes
52
derivatives of trunk ncc
1. dorsal root ganglia 2. sympathetic ganglia 3. adrenal medulla 4. schwann cells 5. melanocytes
53
derivatives of sacral ncc
1. enteric ganglia 2. sympathetic ganglia
54
trunk NCC migration ventral pathway
cells move through anterior portion of somite toward ventral side of embryo
55
trunk NCC ventral pathway become
sensory neurons, sympathetic ganglia, medulla of adrenal gland
56
trunk NCC migration dorsolateral pathway
cells move between epidermis and somite
57
trunk NCC dorsolateral pathway become
melanocytes
58
Sacral NCCs Migration
ventrally and colonizes the gut after the vagal crest, populating the enteric mesenchyme
59
formation and patterning during neurulation
a. neural plate b. elevation c. folding d. convergence, closure, and patterning

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