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mesoderm Flashcards

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1
Q

it generates all the organs between the ectodermal wall and endodermal tissues

A

mesoderm

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2
Q

from which embryonic layer does the mesoderm originate?

A

from the epiblast via the primitive streak

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3
Q

An early stage of embryonic development in triploblastic organisms, like humans, where the bilaminar disc (composed of two layers: epiblast and hypoblast) transforms into a three-layered structure containing ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

A

Trilaminar embryo

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4
Q

Where is the mesoderm located in the trilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Between the ectoderm (top) and endoderm (bottom) layers.

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5
Q

What direction do mesodermal cells migrate after passing through the primitive streak?

A

Laterally and cranially

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6
Q

What happens to cells that ingress through the primitive streak during gastrulation?

A

They migrate between the epiblast (future ectoderm) and hypoblast (future endoderm) to form the intraembryonic mesoderm.

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7
Q

What are the four regions of the mesoderm from medial to lateral?

A
  1. Chordamesoderm (axial/dorsal mesoderm)
  2. Paraxial mesoderm
    a. Head mesoderm
    b. Somitic
  3. Intermediate mesoderm
  4. Lateral plate mesoderm
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8
Q

One of the first tissues to gastrulate

A

Notochord

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9
Q

Morphogenetic movement of cells

A

Intercalation and elongate along AP axis

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10
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the notochord?

A

From the chordamesoderm, a specialized region of the axial mesoderm formed during gastrulation

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11
Q

Chordamesoderm to notochord

A
  1. Establish AP axis
  2. Induce DV patterning of NT
  3. Induce ventral somatic fates
  4. Induce pancreas growth
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12
Q

What are the effects of the notochord on the neural tube and somites?

A

Inducing neural tube (NT) formation via Shh signaling, leading to proper dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning

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13
Q

Unsegmented paraxial

A

Head Mesoderm

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14
Q

Gives rise to cranial muscle and contributes to the skull and heart

A

Embryonic head mesoderm

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15
Q

The head mesoderm markers:

A

Pitx2
Alx4
MyoR
Tbx1

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16
Q

Major subdivisions of the mesoderm

A
  1. Paraxial mesoderm (somitic mesoderm)
  2. Intermediate mesoderm
  3. Lateral plate mesoderm
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17
Q

Major lineages of vertebrate mesoderm

Chordamesoderm become

A

Notochord

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18
Q

Notochord becomes

A

Intervertebral disc

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19
Q

Intermediate mesoderm becomes

A

Kidney and Gonads (Ureter, Male genital tract, Female reproductive tract, Mullerian and Wolffian ducts)

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20
Q

Paraxial mesoderm becomes

A

Head and Somite

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21
Q

Somite becomes

A

Sclerotome and Dermomyotome

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22
Q

Sclerotome become

A

Vertebrae and ribs, Endotome, Arthrotome, Syndetome

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23
Q

Endotome

A

endothelial cells, dorsal aorta

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24
Q

Arthrotome

A

vertebral joints

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25
Syndetome
tendon
26
Dermomyotome becomes
myotome and dermatome
27
Myotome
skeletal muscle
28
Dermatome
dermis, skeletal muscle
29
Lateral plate mesoderm becomes
splanchnic, somatic, extraembrionic
30
Also called Epimere, Mesomere, and Hypomere
Mesoderm
31
Components of the Paraxial (Somite) Mesoderm
Dermatome : dermis of skin Myotome : axial, limb and body wall musculature Sclerotome : vertebral column and ribs
32
Other term for Somite mesoderm (Paraxial)
Epimere
33
Other term for Intermediate mesoderm
Mesomere
34
Other term for Lateral plate and ventral mesoderm
Hypomere
35
Components of Paraxial (Somite) Mesoderm
Dermatome : dermis of skin Myotome : axial, limb and body wall musculature Sclerotome : vertebral column and ribs
36
Formation of Somites from mesoderm
Somitogenesis
37
Human first somites
Week 4; Carnegie stage 9
38
expressed as new somites form in the chick embryo
Eph A4
39
Formation of somites
Shape: like a ball, covered by epithelial cells, inside mesenchymal cells Process: 1 pair of somites form during a species-specific time frame Appear in pairs and are identical in size
40
Somite number in humans
42-44
41
Somite number in mouse
65
42
Somite number in chicken
50
43
Somite number in xenopus
42
44
Somite number in zebrafish
32
45
Somite number in snakes
300-500
46
Differentiation of Somites
Dermatome, Myotome, Sclerotome
47
Transcription factors in dermatome
Pax-3; Pax-7
48
Transcription factors in sclerotome
Pax-1; Pax-9
49
Transcription factors in myotome
FGF8
50
What does the central region of the somite give rise to?
The central region of the somite forms: Skeletal muscle (via myotome) Muscle stem cells (e.g., satellite cells) Dermis of the back (via dermatome) Brown fat cells (in specific lineages)
51
Induces the formation of the sclerotome
FGF from the myotome (muscle)
52
Transcription factors activated by FGF signaling from the myotome, which leads to the formation of the sclerotome
Pea3 and Erm
53
Promotes cartilage formation by inducing Sox9, which activates Sox5 and Sox6
Shh (from the notochord and floor plate)
54
Is activated unless Shh inhibits it; thus, in low Shh conditions, tendon formation occurs instead
Scleraxis
55
Fate of the Intermediate Mesoderm
Nephric/Excretory System (Pronephrons, Metanephrons, Mesonephrons) Genital System (Ducts, Gonads)
56
forms the permanent kidney
Metanephros
57
Segmenting the nephron during kidney development
Notch2
58
Components/Derivatives of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm
1. Somatic (Parietal) Mesoderm 2. Splanchnic (Visceral) Mesoderm *Intraembryonic coelem
59
Somatic mesoderm derivatives
Bones, ligaments, blood vessels and connective tissue of the limbs
60
Splanchnic mesoderm derivatives
Heart, visceral layer of blood vessels, smooth muscle and connective tissue of respiratory and digestive organs
61
Specification and migration of cardiac cells in chick embryo
Cardiac progenitor cells originate from the lateral plate mesoderm, specifically the splanchnic mesoderm
62
TFs in Lateral plate mesoderm
BMPs
63
TFs in Cardioblast
GATA4, Nkx2, MEF2 family
64
TFs in Cardiomyocytes
ANF, Several cardiac muscle proteins
65
TFs in Cardiac tube
Pitx2, N-cadherin, Hand2, Xin, Hand1
66
TFs in Multichambered heart
NCCs, looping effector genes (Xin, flectin)
67
Human are segmented animals
Vertebrae, ribs, musculature
68
Is most obvious in mesodermal derivatives
Segmentation
69
Segmented dermatome
cervical segments, thoracic segments, lumbar segments, sacral segments
70
Intraembryonic coelom
body cavities (pericardium, pleura, peritoneum)
71
Where does the axial mesoderm arise from during embryonic development?
Axial mesoderm arises from cells that migrate through the primitive node (Hensen’s node) during gastrulation.
72
Position of notochord and axochord in bilaterians ZEBRAFISH
dorsal epidermis neural tube dermomyotome notochord dorsal aorta gut ventral
73
Position of notochord and axochord in bilaterians ASCIDIAN
dorsal epidermis neural tube notochord muscle ventral
74
Position of notochord and axochord in bilaterians LANCELET
dorsal epidermis neural tube notochord myotome dorsal aorta gut ventral
75
Position of notochord and axochord in bilaterians ANNELID
dorsal ventral blood vessel axochord ventral oblique muscles ventral nerve cord epidermis ventral

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