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Principles of Pharmacology and Therapeutics > Ectoparasiticides in SA practice > Flashcards

Ectoparasiticides in SA practice Flashcards

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1
Q

Which parasites are classed as insects?

A

Diptera (flies)
Siphonaptera (fleas)
Phthiraptera (lice)

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2
Q

Which parasites are classed as arachnida?

A

Acarina (ticks and mites)

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3
Q

What are the drugs that kill insects called?

A

Insecticides

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4
Q

What are the drugs that kill acarina called?

A

Acaricides

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5
Q

What are the objectives of therapy for flea allergic dermatitis (FAD)?

A

Kill fleas in the hair coat
Protect against re-infection
Eliminate the environmental reservoir and prevent subsequent generations

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6
Q

What is used to kill adult fleas in the haircoat?

A

Adulticide

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7
Q

What is used to kill immature stages in carpet/refuge?

A

Killed on emergence or not replaced due to the effects of adulticide
IGR/IDI usage
Vacuum cleaner

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8
Q

Which drugs are thought of as traditional insecticides?

A 
Organophosphates
Organochlorines
Carbamates
Pyrethroids
Other botanical products
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9
Q

What are some newer adulticide drugs?

A

Imidacloprid/nitenpyram/dinotefuran
Fipronil/pyriprole
Selamectin

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10
Q

What are the advantages of the newer adulticide drugs?

A

Efficacy (better)
Ease of use
Persistence
Safe

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11
Q

What are some new adulticides that have been developed in the past few years?

A 
Indoxacarb (Activyl)/with permethrin (Activyl Tick Plus)
Fipronil/methoprene/amitraz (Certifect)
Spinosad (Comfortis)
Fluralaner (Bravecto)
Afoxolaner (NexGard)
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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of spinosad?

A

Tetracyclic macrolide

Targets nACh receptor

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13
Q

Which species is spinosad able to be used on?

A

Dogs and now cats too

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14
Q

What does spinosad have a label claim for?

A

Fleas only

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15
Q

What is the trade name for spinosad?

A

Comfortis

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16
Q

What is the OOA and DOA of spinosad?

A 
Rapid kill with 80-100% at 4 hours
Persists for (3-)4 weeks
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17
Q

How is spinosad administered?

A

Orally

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18
Q

What are the side effects of spinosad?

A

Vomiting in 4-5% dogs and 10-14% of cats

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19
Q

What are the contra-indications of spinosad?

A

Don’t give with ivermectin

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20
Q

What are the active ingredients of Certifect?

A

Fipronil, methoprene, amitraz

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21
Q

What species can Certifect be used for?

A

Dog only

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22
Q

How is Certifect administrated?

A

Spot-on

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23
Q

How often does Certifect need to be applied?

A

Every 4 weeks

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24
Q

What does Certifect have a label claim for?

A

Fleas
Trichodectes canis
Ticks

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25
What is the active ingredient in Activyl?
Indoxacarb
26
What is the mechanism of action of indoxacarb?
Sodium channel blocker with bio-activation by esterase/amidase in the flea so not toxic to host species
27
What is the route of administration of Activyl?
Spot-on
28
What is the OOA and DOA of Activyl?
>90% activity within 8 hours | 4 weeks
29
What does Activyl have a label claim for?
Fleas
30
What are the active ingredients in Activyl Tick Plus?
Indoxacarb and permethrin
31
What is the route of administration of Activyl Tick Plus?
Spot-on
32
What is the DOA of Activyl Tick Plus?
4 weeks
33
What is the label claim for Activyl Tick Plus?
Fleas and ticks (Ixodes, Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Amblyomma)
34
What is the active ingredient in Scalibor?
4% deltamethrin
35
What is the DOA of Scalibor?
6 months
36
What is Scalibor active against?
Sandflies Mosquitos Ticks
37
What is the route of administration of Scalibor?
Collar
38
What is the WHO definition of insecticide resistance?
Development of an ability in a strain of some organism to tolerate doses of an intoxicant that would prove lethal to a majority of individuals in a normal population of the same species
39
What are the mechanisms of insecticide resistance?
Detoxification using hydrolases or mixed function oxidases | Target site modification such as AChE/nAChE/Na channel/GABA receptor
40
In which species of agricultural importance has fipronil resistance been reported?
German cockroaches Anopheles mosquitos Houseflies
41
In which species of agricultural importance has imidacloprid resistance been reported?
Colorado potato beetles Aphids Whitefly
42
What are the different IGR/IDI drugs?
Lufenuron Cyromazine Pyriproxifen Methoprene
43
How can lufenuron be administered?
Orally in dogs | Injection or orally in cats
44
How can cyromazine be administered?
Household spray
45
How can pyriproxifen and methoprene be administered?
On animal or as a household spray
46
What does IGR stand for?
Insect growth regulator
47
How do IGRs work?
By disrupting development processes | Juvenile hormone analogues disrupt growth in immature insects
48
What does IDI stand for?
Insect development inhibitors
49
What are some examples of juvenile hormone analogues?
Methoprene and pyriproxyfen
50
What is an example of an IDI?
Lufenuron
51
How do IDIs work?
Inhibit chitin sythesis
52
What are two oral products that can be used to treat fleas in dogs and cats?
Capstar | Comfortis
53
Which oral products can be used against fleas and ticks in dogs only?
NexGard | Bravecto
54
What sprays are available against fleas, ticks and lice?
Frontline | Effipro
55
What spot-ons can be used against fleas only in dogs and cats?
Activyl | Advantage
56
Which spot-on products can be used in dogs and cats against fleas and ticks?
Frontline/Frontline combo | Effipro
57
What spot-on product can be used in dogs against fleas and ticks?
Prac-tic Advantix Vectra 3D
58
What endectocides can be used in dogs and cats?
Stronghold | Advocate
59
What drugs can be used against sarcoptes?
Selamectin (Stronghold) - x2 q 4 weeks minimum Imidacloprid + moxidectin (Advocate) - x2 q 4 weeks Amitraz (Aludex) - weekly for 6 treatments
60
Which parasites is trial therapy effective for?
Scabies Flea-related dermatitis Pyoderma Malassezia dermatitis
61
What drugs can be used against Demodex?
Imidacloprid + moxidectin (Advocate) - q 7d Amitraz + metaflumizone (Promeris Duo) - monthly Amitrax (Aludex) - weekly for 8-16 weeks Ivermectin/milbemycin (not licensed)
62
What can be used against ticks in cats?
Fipronil | Seresto collar

Principles of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (8 decks)

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