Ectotherms Short Answers

Question 1

What are the 4 Key Characteristics of Chordata?

Answer 1

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post anal tail.

Question 2

What is the Correlation between Temperature and Metabolism?

Answer 2

Typically increased temperature means increased metabolism.

Question 3

What are the 3 Benefits of Ectothermy?

Answer 3

Low metabolic rate, more energy for growth/reproduction, less food/less water.

Question 4

What are the 2 Disadvantages of Ectothermy?

Answer 4

Harder to maintain homeostasis, restricted to warm environments.

Question 5

What are the 2 Benefits of Endothermy?

Answer 5

Consistent metabolic rate, able to remain active for long periods.

Question 6

What is the Major Disadvantage of Endothermy?

Answer 6

Costly! MUST EAT!

Question 7

What does the Letter ‘A’ Typically Mean?

Answer 7

Without.

Question 8

Why do we have a Head?

Answer 8

Sensory organs in direction you’re going.

Question 9

Where did the Jaw Originate From?

Answer 9

Skeletal rods fusing and fusing to cranium itself.

Question 10

What is the Lateral Line System?

Answer 10

Pores allow them to sense movement and objects.

Question 11

What does Partial Pressure Dictate?

Answer 11

Availability of the oxygen.

Question 12

Where is the Most and Least O2 found?

Answer 12

Most in cold freshwater, least in warm seawater.

Question 13

How do Sharks Ventilate?

Answer 13

Ram ventilation.

Question 14

How do Bony Fish Ventilate?

Answer 14

Buccal pump (pushing water across gills).

Question 15

Why do we Need Haemoglobin in Blood?

Answer 15

Water has low O2 solubility, blood is mostly water.

Question 16

How is Haemoglobin used in Fish?

Answer 16

O2 picked up at gills and transported around the body via haemoglobin.

Question 17

Why does an Ice Fish not have Haemoglobin?

Answer 17

Cold water has so much O2.

Question 18

Why Breath Air?

Answer 18

Easier to move than water, greater solubility.

Question 19

Why is Abundant Water needed for Amphibians?

Answer 19

Development of young, respiration (moist skin), some salamanders undergo 100% of gas exchange across skin.

Question 20

What are the 4 Roles of Venom?

Answer 20

Immobilises prey, defensive dry hits, blocks acetylcholine receptors, breaks down lipids.

Question 21

How do Animals Detect Hypoxia at the Organ Level?

Answer 21

Medulla in brain monitors protons and CO2 levels - ventilation increases.

Question 22

How do Animals Detect Hypoxia at the Cellular Level?

Answer 22

Molecular signals, bind to DNA -> gene expression.

Question 23

How do Fish Compensate for Stagnant Water?

Answer 23

Branchial arches make blood avoid gills by changing shape of conus arteriosus.

Question 24

How does the Swim Bladder Work?

Answer 24

Gas gland produces lactic acid causes haemoglobin to drop its O2, O2 diffuses from gas gland to swim bladder, so fish rises.

Question 25

What are the 3 Reasons to Evolve Lungs?

Answer 25

Gills collapse, lamellae stick together, gas exchange surface area reduced.

Question 26

How does the Buccal Pump Work?

Answer 26

Floor of mouth drops, pumping air in and inflating lungs.

Question 27

What is the Buccal Pump?

Answer 27

A positive pressure pump.

Question 28

What is the Thoracic Pump?

Answer 28

A negative pressure pump.

Question 29

How does the Thoracic Pump Work?

Answer 29

Diaphragm drops, creating negative pressure - pulling in O2.

Question 30

Why Evolve a Circulatory System?

Answer 30

Diffusion is insufficient in higher animals, needed to maintain and support higher metabolic rate.

Question 31

What are the 3 Requirements for a Circulatory System?

Answer 31

A pump, conduits (to push liquid around), valves (control flow).

Question 32

What does Pulmonary Mean?

Answer 32

Swapped.

Question 33

What are the 3 Key Strategies for Animals with Divided Circulation?

Answer 33

Selective distribution, maintenance of differential pressures, redistribute cardiac output.

Question 34

What does Maintenance of Differential Pressures mean?

Answer 34

Increase pressure to body, decrease pressure to lungs.

Question 35

How do Crocodiles Create High Pressure in the Lungs?

Answer 35

Parizza's Foramen - to prevent blood going there.

Question 36

What are the 4 Requirements for Swimming Animals?

Answer 36

Reduce water resistance, propel themselves through dense medium, control vertical position, maintain orientation and steer.

Question 37

Describe Red Muscle.

Answer 37

Aerobic, slow.

Question 38

Describe White Muscle.

Answer 38

Anaerobic, sprinting.

Question 39

What is Anguilloform?

Answer 39

Eel swimming motion - wave running down body.

Question 40

What is Sub-Carangiform?

Answer 40

Slight head movement, large amplitude towards tail.

Question 41

What is Carangiform?

Answer 41

Typical fish swimming.

Question 42

What is Thunniform?

Answer 42

Only last 1/3 of body moves.

Question 43

Why have Fins?

Answer 43

Stops roll, yaw, maintains pitch.

Question 44

What are the 3 Reasons Excretion is Important?

Answer 44

Maintains homeostasis in body tissues, removes toxins, maintains osmotic pressure in body.

Question 45

Which Fish are Hyper-Osmotic?

Answer 45

Marine fish.

Question 46

Which Fish are Hypo-Osmotic?

Answer 46

Freshwater fish.

Question 47

What Type of Kidney does a Freshwater Fish have?

Answer 47

Full of nephrons to produce a large amount of urine.

Question 48

What Type of Kidney does a Saltwater Fish have?

Answer 48

Focused on water conservation, gets rid of divalent ions (Ca2+).

Question 49

What Type of Kidney does a Land Frog have?

Answer 49

Bladder, acts as site of reabsorption to increase water retention.

Question 50

What Type of Kidney does a Water Frog have?

Answer 50

Lots of urine, acts like a fish.

Question 51

What Type of Kidney does a Lizard have?

Answer 51

Focused on water retention, absorption at cloaca from urine and faeces.

Question 52

How is Water Conservation Linked to Excretion?

Answer 52

3 options of excretory material depending on water availability.

Question 53

When is Ammonia Excreted?

Answer 53

When surrounded by water.

Question 54

When is Urea Excreted?

Answer 54

When their is access to water, but not submerging the animal.

Question 55

When is Uric Acid Excreted?

Answer 55

When their is limited access to water.

Question 56

How to Amphibians 'Drink'?

Answer 56

Press stomach to moist surface and absorb water over time.