Endotherms Short Answers

Question 1

What are the 6 Key Features of Mammals?

Answer 1

Fur, lactation, differentiated teeth, large brain, endothermy, high metabolic rate.

Question 2

What are the 6 Key Features of Birds?

Answer 2

Wings/feathers, extended parental care (eggs), no teeth, large brains, endothermy, high metabolic rate.

Question 3

How do Endotherms Produce Heat when Active?

Answer 3

Muscular movement, energy from food.

Question 4

How do Endotherms Produce Heat when at Rest?

Answer 4

Heart, liver, internal organs, brown adipose tissue.

Question 5

How much Higher is O2 Consumption and Energy Use for Endotherms?

Answer 5

4 - 10x ectotherms.

Question 6

What are the 2 Ways to Measure BMR?

Answer 6

Measure heat production when fasting and resting, measure O2 consumption.

Question 7

What are the 3 Advantages of Endothermy?

Answer 7

High speed, greater endurance, buffered from environmental extremes.

Question 8

What are the 4 Adaptations for Cold Climates?

Answer 8

Shivering/muscle activity, insulation, circulation, behaviour.

Question 9

How can Animals use Circulation to Control Heat?

Answer 9

Vein location (close = heat loss), adjust blood flow.

Question 10

how does the Counter Current Exchange Work?

Answer 10

Artery blood warms up veins if they are close enough.

Question 11

How does Temperature Relate to Metabolism?

Answer 11

Decreased temperature = Increased metabolism.

Question 12

What are the 4 Adaptations for Heat?

Answer 12

Decreasing insulation, circulation, evaporative heat loss, behaviour.

Question 13

How do Red Kangaroos Prevent Overheating?

Answer 13

Veins near skin receive more blood, lick their forearms to facilitate evaporative cooling.

Question 14

What is the Path of Oxygen Followed by Mammalian Lungs?

Answer 14

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

Question 15

How do Mammalian Lungs Trap Foreign Particles?

Answer 15

Epithelium lined with cilia and mucus.

Question 16

How do Mammals Inhale?

Answer 16

Diaphragm contracts, rib cage expands as rib muscles contract.

Question 17

How do Mammals Exhale?

Answer 17

Diaphragm relaxes, rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax.

Question 18

How do Avian Lungs Compare to Mammalian Lungs?

Answer 18

More complex, faveolar lungs with airsacs, one-way system with no residual volume.

Question 19

What are 4 Avian Characteristics?

Answer 19

Cross current gas exchange, large heart, high capillary in muscle, muscles have high aerobic capacity.

Question 20

How do High Flying Birds Compare to Low Fliers?

Answer 20

Larger lungs, increased O2 affinity haemoglobin, increased capillarity, greater aerobic capacity in flight muscle.

Question 21

How do Lizards Breathe?

Answer 21

Trunk bends laterally forcing air from one lung to another (can’t run and breathe).

Question 22

What is the Function of Incisors?

Answer 22

Seizing food.

Question 23

What is the Function of Canines?

Answer 23

Stabbing prey/social signals.

Question 24

What is the Function of Premolars?

Answer 24

Piercing and slicing.

Question 25

What is the Function of Molars?

Answer 25

Grinding.

Question 26

What is the Layout of Teeth in Humans in the i - c - pm -m Layout?

Answer 26

2/2 1/1 2/2 3/3 upper/lower jaw.

Question 27

How are Herbivore Teeth Specialised?

Answer 27

Canines reduced, premolars resemble molars.

Question 28

How are Omnivore Teeth Specialised?

Answer 28

Mix of teeth for a varied diet.

Question 29

How are Carnivore Teeth Specialised?

Answer 29

Enlarged canines for killing prey.

Question 30

What are the 3 Key Differences Between Mammalian Digestive Systems and Birds?

Answer 30

No crop/gizzard, salivary glands important, more specialisation for herbivory.

Question 31

How do the Stomachs of Mammals Compare with Each Other?

Answer 31

Carnivores - large, expandable stomach | Herbivore/omnivore - longer tracts relative to body size.

Question 32

What are the Results of having a Hindgut?

Answer 32

Cell contents ready for food, cellulose not ready, high fibre diet.

Question 33

Which Food Enters a Hindgut?

Answer 33

Abundant, low quality food.

Question 34

Which Food Enters a Foregut?

Answer 34

Higher quality food/slower processing.

Question 35

What are the Results of having a Foregut?

Answer 35

Cellulose broken down, microbes make essential amino acids, microbes detoxify food, slow passage.

Question 36

What are the 2 Problems of Locomotion on Land?

Answer 36

Lower drag/friction but need for support, energy expended moving and resisting gravity.

Question 37

What are 2 Benefits of the Forelimb?

Answer 37

Catch body weight thrown by hindlimbs, improve gait efficiency by storing it as potential energy in stretched ligaments.

Question 38

What is the Function of the Hindlimb?

Answer 38

Drive trunk forward and propel the body up/over obstacles during jumps.

Question 39

What are 4 Adaptations of Cursors?

Answer 39

Reduced fibula, reduced ulna, elongated distal limb bones, joints more rigid and limited to one direction of movement.