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Endotherms Short Answers Flashcards

(39 cards)

1
Q

What are the 6 Key Features of Mammals?

A

Fur, lactation, differentiated teeth, large brain, endothermy, high metabolic rate.

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2
Q

What are the 6 Key Features of Birds?

A

Wings/feathers, extended parental care (eggs), no teeth, large brains, endothermy, high metabolic rate.

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3
Q

How do Endotherms Produce Heat when Active?

A

Muscular movement, energy from food.

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4
Q

How do Endotherms Produce Heat when at Rest?

A

Heart, liver, internal organs, brown adipose tissue.

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5
Q

How much Higher is O2 Consumption and Energy Use for Endotherms?

A

4 - 10x ectotherms.

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6
Q

What are the 2 Ways to Measure BMR?

A

Measure heat production when fasting and resting, measure O2 consumption.

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7
Q

What are the 3 Advantages of Endothermy?

A

High speed, greater endurance, buffered from environmental extremes.

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8
Q

What are the 4 Adaptations for Cold Climates?

A

Shivering/muscle activity, insulation, circulation, behaviour.

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9
Q

How can Animals use Circulation to Control Heat?

A

Vein location (close = heat loss), adjust blood flow.

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10
Q

how does the Counter Current Exchange Work?

A

Artery blood warms up veins if they are close enough.

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11
Q

How does Temperature Relate to Metabolism?

A

Decreased temperature = Increased metabolism.

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12
Q

What are the 4 Adaptations for Heat?

A

Decreasing insulation, circulation, evaporative heat loss, behaviour.

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13
Q

How do Red Kangaroos Prevent Overheating?

A

Veins near skin receive more blood, lick their forearms to facilitate evaporative cooling.

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14
Q

What is the Path of Oxygen Followed by Mammalian Lungs?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

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15
Q

How do Mammalian Lungs Trap Foreign Particles?

A

Epithelium lined with cilia and mucus.

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16
Q

How do Mammals Inhale?

A

Diaphragm contracts, rib cage expands as rib muscles contract.

17
Q

How do Mammals Exhale?

A

Diaphragm relaxes, rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax.

18
Q

How do Avian Lungs Compare to Mammalian Lungs?

A

More complex, faveolar lungs with airsacs, one-way system with no residual volume.

19
Q

What are 4 Avian Characteristics?

A

Cross current gas exchange, large heart, high capillary in muscle, muscles have high aerobic capacity.

20
Q

How do High Flying Birds Compare to Low Fliers?

A

Larger lungs, increased O2 affinity haemoglobin, increased capillarity, greater aerobic capacity in flight muscle.

21
Q

How do Lizards Breathe?

A

Trunk bends laterally forcing air from one lung to another (can’t run and breathe).

22
Q

What is the Function of Incisors?

A

Seizing food.

23
Q

What is the Function of Canines?

A

Stabbing prey/social signals.

24
Q

What is the Function of Premolars?

A

Piercing and slicing.

25
What is the Function of Molars?
Grinding.
26
What is the Layout of Teeth in Humans in the i - c - pm -m Layout?
2/2 1/1 2/2 3/3 upper/lower jaw.
27
How are Herbivore Teeth Specialised?
Canines reduced, premolars resemble molars.
28
How are Omnivore Teeth Specialised?
Mix of teeth for a varied diet.
29
How are Carnivore Teeth Specialised?
Enlarged canines for killing prey.
30
What are the 3 Key Differences Between Mammalian Digestive Systems and Birds?
No crop/gizzard, salivary glands important, more specialisation for herbivory.
31
How do the Stomachs of Mammals Compare with Each Other?
Carnivores - large, expandable stomach | Herbivore/omnivore - longer tracts relative to body size.
32
What are the Results of having a Hindgut?
Cell contents ready for food, cellulose not ready, high fibre diet.
33
Which Food Enters a Hindgut?
Abundant, low quality food.
34
Which Food Enters a Foregut?
Higher quality food/slower processing.
35
What are the Results of having a Foregut?
Cellulose broken down, microbes make essential amino acids, microbes detoxify food, slow passage.
36
What are the 2 Problems of Locomotion on Land?
Lower drag/friction but need for support, energy expended moving and resisting gravity.
37
What are 2 Benefits of the Forelimb?
Catch body weight thrown by hindlimbs, improve gait efficiency by storing it as potential energy in stretched ligaments.
38
What is the Function of the Hindlimb?
Drive trunk forward and propel the body up/over obstacles during jumps.
39
What are 4 Adaptations of Cursors?
Reduced fibula, reduced ulna, elongated distal limb bones, joints more rigid and limited to one direction of movement.