ed Flashcards
(32 cards)
Harrod Domar Growth Model\nProduction Function
Production function with fixed coefficients\nLeontief Isoquants (L–shaped) thus, no substitution between capital and labor. \nProduction function Y = k/v \nv= constant in this model (ICOR) Incremental capital output ratio, measures the productivity of and additional k (more productive = lower v)
Harrod Domar Growth Model – Basic growth relationship
s/v – d = g \ns = savings rate \nv = constant (k/Y) \nd = depreciation \ng = growth rate\n\n(change in K = sY – dk)\n\nThus if you save more, and make more productive investments, your economy will grow
Strengths of the Harrod Domar Growth Model
1) relatively simple\n2) over short periods of time, in the absence of large economic shocks, it predicts growth rates well
Weaknesses of the Harrod Domar Growth Model
1) the Knife edge problem \n2) no substitution allowed between K and L in the production function \n3) no room for technological progress
Knife edge problem
If v=k/Y is constant, and K is doubled, Y must double. Then because there is no substitution between K and L, L must also double for Y to double. L doubles at the rate of growth of the population, and for L to double, this rate of population growth (n) must increase the same as the rate of growth of K, n= s/v – d AND THERE IS NO ECONOMIC REASON for K and L to grow at the same rate. (if k and l do not grow at the same rate, then neither one will be fully employed)
Solow (Neoclassical) Growth Model
allows for substitution between k and L in the production process–––> therefore it is more appropriate for LDC’s since it allows for growth with use of abundant resource – labor.
Solow (Neoclassical) Growth Model production function
expressed in per worker terms \nY/L = f(K/L, 1) y = f (k)\nexhibits diminishing returns \n\nchange in k = sy – (n+d)k \n\nsy >(n+d)k; change in k >0 = capital deepening \n\nsy= (n+d)k; change in k =0, capital widening
Steady State in Solow
Where sy = (n+d)k –––> change in k=0 \n\nthe long run equilibrium \n\nto the right of steady state, sy0\nto the left sy>(n+d)k; ^k<0
Advantages of the Solow growth Model
1) allows for substitution between K and L (more appropriate for LDC’s)\n2) Diminishing Returns–– production function is more realistic \n3) role for population growth
Solow implications at steady state
change in k = 0, y is a constant, BUT y = Y/L and Y is growing at n \nImplies developing countries are expected to grow faster than developed countries and to catch up to the same steady state A…
In the Solow model, if there are increases in the savings rate, the capital stock per worker
increases
if the rate of population growth increases
there is a lower level of income and capital stock per worker
Adding Technology to Solow
^k = sy – (n+d+T)k \n(per effective worker)\n\ny = Y/L ––> Y is growing at the rate of T
Engel’s Law
As income increases, the proportion of the budget spent on food decreases ––> demand for agricultural products does not rise as fast as the demand for industrial products
As per capita income increases, the share industry (wages and output) of GNP ___ because…
__Increases__ \nas development increases, productivity increase; one farmer produces enough for 70–80 people, the rest of the labor is free to find employment in industry
Ricardo’s assumptions for transition from agriculture to industry
- agriculture sector subject to diminishing returns –– crops need land and land is limited \n2. Labor surplus in agriculture = underemployment; many people would have MPL=0
Fei–Renis Model,
Look at notes!!
True or False \nIf the rate of depreciation is zero and ICOR=1, the basic Harrod–Domar relationship for an economy states that the growth rate is equal to the savings rate.
True \nThe basic Harrod–Domar relationship is g=(s/v)–d, where g is the growth rate, s is the saving rate, v=ICOR, and d is the rate of depreciation. \nTherefore, if v=ICOR=1 and d=0, we get g=s, which says that the growth rate is equal to the savings rate.
True or False \nPaying efficiency wages discourages the use of more labour–intensive production technologies.
True\nThe efficiency wage is above the market–clearing wage of w. At w, L* is the quantity of labor demanded and supplied at equilibrium. At the efficiency wage, the labor market does not clear, and only Lmin quantity of labor is demanded. If the efficiency wage falls to the equilibrium level of w*, more labor could be utilized.
True or False \nA feature of the Harris–Todaro model is that an increase in the urban wage requires a decrease in urban unemployment to restore equilibrium.
False \nUrban unemployment must increase to restore equilibrium. This is because at equilibrium, expected urban wage = rural wage. That is, wu=wr => p wu=wr; where p = Eu/(Eu+Uu).\nTherefore, if wu increases, p must decrease to maintain equilibrium. And p falls if Uu rises, that is if urban unemployment increases
True or False \nTwo major structural changes accompanying economic development are a rising share of industry and a falling share of agriculture in total output.
Correct. This phenomenon may be explained by Engel’s Law and the increased used of machinery and other methods of raising crops that has made it possible for individual farmers to produce enough food to feed 70–80 people.
Total domestic supply must equal
production + imports + |export|
Per capita kg/year consumed =
food consumption / total population.
Per capita calories per year =
Per capita kg/year * Calories per kg
