Edocrine systems Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Autocrine signaling
A
Cell targets itself
2
Q
Chemical signaling across gap junctions
A
A cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions
3
Q
Paracrine signaling
A
Cell targets a nearby cell via neurotransmitters
4
Q
Exocrine gland
A
Gland that secretes chemical substances into a duct (digestive system)
5
Q
Endocrine signaling
A
A cell targets a nearby cell through the blood stream via hormones
6
Q
Endocrine gland
A
Gland that secretes chemical messengers into the blood
7
Q
What gland is both exocrine and endocrine?
A
The pancreas
8
Q
What does the endocrine system regulate? (5)
A
- Cardiovascular system
- Water & electrolyte balance
- Digestion & absorption of food
- Growth & metabolism
- Reproduction
9
Q
Beta cells (of the pancreas)
A
Secrete insulin
10
Q
Alpha cells (of the pancreas)
A
Secrete glucagon
11
Q
What factors determine the intensity of a cellular response to a hormone? (2)
A
- Saturation of the hormone
- Affinity
12
Q
Amine hormones
A
Derived by Tyr and Trp; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
13
Q
Peptide hormones
A
Small proteins that act as hormones; insulin, glucagon
14
Q
Why are peptide hormones stored in vesicles inside cells?
A
So they can be quickly released when needed
15
Q
Steroid hormones
A
Alterations to a backbone of cholesterol; aldosterone, testosterone, and cortisol
16
Q
What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland? (2)
A
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
17
Q
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A
Permits the reabsorption of water by collecting ducts; concentrates the urine
18
Q
Oxytocin
A
Stimulates contraction of the uterus and stimulates milk secretion
19
Q
What are the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
A
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Prolactin
20
Q
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
A
Stimulates the thyroid gland
21
Q
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
A
Stimulates the adrenal cortex
22
Q
Follicle-stimulating hormone
A
Stimulates the development of gametes (sperm and egg)
23
Q
Luteinizing hormone
A
Stimulates production of the sex hormones
24
Q
Growth hormone
A
Stimulates growth and affects metabolism
25
Prolactin
Stimulates milk production
26
Releasing hormone
Secreted by the hypothalamus; causes the release of certain hormones by cells of the anterior pituitary
27
Tropic hormone
Hormone that controls secretion of 'other' hormone
28
What organs does growth hormone target? (4)
1. Bone
2. Cartilage
3. Muscle
4. Liver
29
Gigantism
GH over-secretion of child
30
Acromegaly
GH over-secretion in adults; 90% of patients have this caused by a benign pituitary tumor
31
Dwarfism
GH deficiency in children
32
What effect does GH have on blood glucose?
GH increases blood glucose
33
True or False: Increase in GH levels may contribute to age-related breakdown of body structures
FALSE. Decline in GH levels may contribute to age-related breakdown of body structures
34
Hormone replacement therapy
Administration of a hormone to a person whose natural production of that hormone is deficient
35
What is the known treatment for gigantism/acromegaly?
Surgical removal of the pituitary gland
36
Thyroxine
Required for growth and development; stimulates cell metabolism
37
Iodine
Required for synthesis of thyroid hormones
38
How are anterior pituitary hormones controlled by the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormone, which causes the release of certain hormones from the cells of the anterior pituitary
39
Goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland resulting from an iodine deficiency
40
How can you prevent the development of a goiter?
Iodized salt
41
Hypothyroidism
Caused by a thyroxin deficiency; thyroid is not functioning as much as needed
42
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? (5)
1. Decreased BMR
2. Fatigue
3. Slowed physiological function
4. Slowed speech and mental function
5. Inability to tolerate the cold
43
What is a treatment for hypothyroidism?
Thyroxine replacement therapy
44
Hyperthyroidism
Caused by thyroxine secretion and the thyroid being stimulated by uncontrolled substances
45
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (4)
1. Increased BMR
2. Excess heat production
3. Weight loss
3. Insomnia, anxiety
4. Rapid Heart rate
46
Why does hyperthyroidism result in an elevated/rapid heart rate?
Epinephrine receptors are more susceptible
47
What are the treatments for hyperthyroidism? (3)
1. Anti-thyroid drugs
2. Surgical removal of the thyroid
3. Radioactive iodine
48
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Important for regulation of blood calcium; promotes renal tubular reabsorption and reabsorption from bone of Ca2+
49
When blood Ca2+ is low, PTH is ______.
Stimulated
50
What does the cortex of the adrenal glands do?
It secretes steroid hormones
51
What does the medulla of the adrenal glands do?
It secretes epinephrine
52
Mineralcorticoids
Regulate Na+ and K+ balance (aldosterone)
53
Glucocorticoids
Increase blood glucose and are essential for adaptation to stress (cortisol)
54
Androgens
secreted in small amounts in both males and females (male sex hormones)
55
What are steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
56
Epinephrine
Stimulated primarily from activation of the sympathetic nervous system
57
What effect does epinephrine have on the cardiovascular system?
Increases heart rate, stroke volume, and blood pressure
58
What effect does epinephrine have on the respiratory system?
It causes bronchodilation
59
What effect does epinephrine have on metabolism?
It mobilizes energy stores for utilization and increases blood glucose
60
What are the target organs of insulin secreted from beta cells?
Muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver
61
True or False: Insulin increases blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
FALSE. Insulin DECREASES blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
62
What triggers the secretion of glucagon?
Low glucose levels
63
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high blood glucose concentration
64
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin-dependent; caused by beta cells being destroyed and is often genetic
65
What are the symptoms/results of having Type I diabetes mellitus? (4)
1. Low insulin levels and high blood glucose
2. ER stress
3. Oxidative stress
4. High vascularity
66
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Non-insulin-dependent and is characterized by normal or elevated insulin levels
67
What are the symptoms/results of having Type II diabetes mellitus? (4)
1. High blood glucose
2. Target cells are resistant to insulin
3. Adult onset
4. Most with this are overweight and lack exercise
68
What are the warning signs of diabetes mellitus? (3)
1. Excessive urination
2. Thirst
3. Unexplained weight loss
69
What are common effects of having diabetes mellitus? (5)
1. Weight loss (because cells are starving)
2. Accelerated oxidation of fatty acids
3. Increased respiratory rate
4. Acetone breath
5. Glucosuria
70
Frederick Banting & Charles Best
Extracted a substance from the pancreas - now known as insulin
71
What is the treatments for someone with diabetes mellitus? (4)
1. Controlled diet
2. Exercise
3. Insulin (type I)
4. Oral hypoglycemic drugs (type II)
72
What can happen if you have an insulin overdose?
You can become hypoglycemic and then go into insulin shock
73
Oral hypoglycemic drugs
Stimulate insulin production and increase insulin sensitivity
74
What are the long-term complications of diabetes mellitus? (5)
1. Atherosclerosis and heart disease
2. Microvasular disease
3. Nerve damage
4. Increased susceptibility to infections
5. Life expectancy decreased by ~16 years
75
What are the functions of gonadotropins in males? (2)
1. FSH is required for spermatogenesis
2. LH stimulates testosterone secretion
76
What are the functions of gonadotropins in females? (3)
1. FSH stimulates growth and maturation of the ovarian follicle
2. Both FSH and LH are required for production of estrogen
3. Mid-cycle LH surge triggers ovulation
77
Progestins
Synthetic progesterone-like hormones
78
Where can you find progestins?
They are a common component of oral contraceptives
79
Why are progestins used in oral contraceptives?
They make the female reproductive system mimic pregnancy, therefore preventing ovulation or fertilization
80
What roles does testosterone play in reproductive function? (3)
1. Differentiation of male reproductive tract and genitalia
2. Growth of prostate gland and seminal vesicles
3. Spermatogenesis
81
What roles does testosterone play in the stimulation of secondary sex characteristics (in males)? (2)
1. Distribution of facial and body hair
2. Deepening of voice
82
What roles does testosterone play in anabolic actions? (2)
1. Bone growth
2. Muscular development
83
What roles does testosterone play in brain and behavior? (2)
1. Libido
2. Aggressive behavior
84
What are the benefits of using anabolic steroids? (2)
1. Increase muscle mass
2. Improve performance
85
What are the side effects of using anabolic steroids? (6)
1. Temporary sterility
2. Liver damage
3. Aggressive behavior
4. Heart disease
5. Premature puberty
6. Masculization of women
86
What roles does estrogen play in reproductive function of women? (3)
1. Maturation of reproductive tract
2. Cyclic changes in the uterus
3. Maturation of ovarian follicles
87
What roles does estrogen have in the stimulation of secondary female sex characteristics? (2
1. Mammary glands
2. Distribution of body fat
88
What roles does estrogen play in anabolic actions? (2)
1. Bone growth
2. Development of osteoporosis (drop in estrogen levels)
89
What role does estrogen have in brain and behavior?
Development of receptive sexual behavior
