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education Flashcards

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1
Q

functionalism
what FOUR key roles do functionalists believe education performs?

A

social control and solidarity - welding individuals together
economic - meeting the needs of the economy and providing specialist skills
transmitting norms and values - secondary socialisation
social selection - the most talented get the best jobs

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2
Q

functionalism
what did durkheim believe the most important functions(x2) of education was?

A

the transmission of norms and values as without them society would not be possible as we would not be welded together. He also believes in specialist skills so that the needs of the economy were met with specially trained individuals.

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3
Q

functionalism
what did Parsons suggest society was in relation to education?

A

parsons argued that society was meritocratic where the social position you achieved in society as an adult (achieved status) is based on ability - everyone has equal chances.

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4
Q

functionalism
what did parsons believe education acted as a bridge between & why can the education system be seen as a sieve?

A

parsons argued that education allowed for a bridge between your ascribed status(class given at birth) and achieved status( the class you can become) as there is equal opportunity with education. In this way education can be seen as a sieve or mechanism for allocating roles to people in society based on their ability.

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5
Q

functionalism
what is particularistic standards and universalistic standards?

A

particularistic standards - judged and treated on the basis of being an individual.
universalistic standards - rules and values that apply equally to all members of society regardless of who they are.

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6
Q

functionalism
what did david hargreaves say about the modern comprehensive school?

A

hargreeaves stated that the modern comprehensive school place too much emphasis on the development of the individual and not enough on the duties and responsibilities that the individuals should have towards group life in schools. schools fail to produce a sense of dignity for wc pupils - if they fail an exam they may lead to subcultures - solution is changes in the curriculum

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7
Q

functionalism
who mentioned role allocation and what it is?

A

davis and moore - education selects talented individuals and allocates them into the most important roles in society - a higher reward for jobs such as GPS and pilot’s encourages competition.

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8
Q

functionalism
what are two criticisms of the functionalist perspective on education?

A

1- emphasises education as important because of the transmission of norms/values but they have not considered that there may not be a single set of values to transmit.
2 - the education system is not as meritocratic as functionalist argue due to material factors that will differ achievement ( material dep,cultural capital)

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9
Q

marxism
what is the repressive state apparatus and ideological state apparatus?

A

repressive state apparatus = maintaining the rule of the bourgeoise by force or threat of it.
ideological state apparatus - maintains the rule of the bourgeoise by controlling people’s ideas,values and beliefs.

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10
Q

marxism
what does althusser say about the education system?

A

schools transmit an ideology which states that capitalism is just and reasonable. schools prepare pupils for their roles in the workforce.

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11
Q

marxism
what is the hidden curriculum? Who spoke about it?

A

the hidden curriculum is the things that are not formally taught to students but are still an expectation such as punctuality - doing a register with attendance sets the expectation to show up and be punctual - getting you ready for the workplace.(bowles and gintis)

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12
Q

marxism
what is the myth of meritocracy and who said it?

A

bowles and gintis - the myth of meritocracy follows the idea that your social standing in society is not just based on merit as other factors such as cultural capital,material deprivation,cultural deprivation are all factors that affect your achieved status.

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13
Q

marxism
who spoke about cultural capital and what is it ?

A

bourdieu - cultural capital is where youre able to afford experiences such as going on holiday,mueseums etc that enhances your knowledge and helps with the educational curriculum. Cultural capital dominates in the upper middle classes.

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14
Q

marxism
what is the difference between bourgeois parlance and common parlance?

A

bourgeois parlance - elaborated,middle class,’proper’ whereas common parlance - restricted,slangs,’improper’
burgeois parlance is demonstrated by teachers and therefore harder for wc to understand/easier for mc to understand

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15
Q

what are the two costs of persistence ? (boudon)

A
  • financial costs - paying for higher education is expensive
  • social costs - moving away from home and cut ties from family/friends.
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16
Q

what was paul willis’s ‘learning to labour’ a study on ?

A

paul willis was studying a group of 12 wc boys (the lads) during their last year at school and first few months at work to , study based on observations.

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17
Q

what were paul willi’s findings for his ‘learning to labour’ study ? (3)

A
  • lads felt superior to both teachers/students
  • lads attached little/no value to academic work and little interest in gaining qualifications
  • the lads mainly focused on ‘having a laff’ during work and were highly discriminatory towards other students at school.
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18
Q

what are features of interactionists ? (3)

A
  • micro
  • focuses on individual
    use the concept of ‘i and me’ - self
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19
Q

what does goffman say about identities ?

A

goffman says that identities result from how we try manage impression we give off - teachers manage impressions by what they wear , props - this contributes to ‘impression management’.

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20
Q

what does becker say ?

A

labelling theory - linked to self fulfilling prophecy - teachers label children based on class , gender , ethnicity.

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21
Q

what are some criticisms of interactionalists (3)

A
  • do not really explain where labels come from
  • if individuals have such influence why do people act in similar ways
  • research methods open to criticism - small scale , observation , unstructured interviews - open to bias
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22
Q

what are external and internal factors for wc achievement ? (3)

A

external (home) - material dep
external (home) - cultural dep
internal (class) - educational policy + classroom factors

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23
Q

what are some material factors for wc underachievement ? (8)

A
  • poor housing
  • poor health
  • poverty
  • educational toys
  • books
  • tuition
  • private study space
  • private schools
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24
Q

what does howard say about wc under achievement ?

A

poor diets in the wc led to underachievement as students experienced higher levels of illness and therefore absent from school - more likely to be placed on child protection register.

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25
what were reays findings for wc and university (2)
- due to tuition costs , the wc's were more likely to apply to local universities so they could live at home and save on travel costs - more likely to work part time to fund their studies making it more difficult to gain a higher class degree
26
what was sugarman's study on and what method did he use ?
540 fourth year boys in london secondary school - used questionnaires.
27
what is the difference between deferred and immediate gratification ? (sugarman)
- mc occupation based on deferred gratification (get higher ed for better job) - wc = immediate gratification (straight into the work - lower income job)
28
what are the FOUR key features that are a barrier to educational achievement identified by sugarman?
- fatalism - a belief in whatever will be , will be - collectivism - value being in a group , more than succeeding as an individual - immediate gratification - seeking pleasure now rather than the future - present time orientation - see the present as more important than the future.
29
what are criticisms of sugarman? (2)
1- criticised for playing on the differences between classes rather than emphasising similarities (hard work , value education etc) 2 - over-generalised to suggest that all wc students want immediate gratification
30
what were features of douglas study on parent's education ? (4)
- longitudinal - 5362 children born in 1946 - follow up in 1962 (4720 students) - monitor children's progress up to their current age (16).
31
what were douglas findings from his study on achievement and parents education ? (4)
- wc parents less value on education - children were less ambitious - mc parents would do more frequent visits to schools to discuss progress - mc parents encourage child to stay in school - during primary socialisation , mc spend more time with children - more time reading with them.
32
what are the differences between educated parenting styles and less educated parenting styles ? (4)
1) mc emphasises constant discipline and high expectations 2) mc supporting achievement through active learning 3) wc parenting marked by harsh discipline 4) wc parenting emphasises 'doing as youre told' - prevents children from learning independence.
33
what are the TWO language codes bernstein differentiated between wc and mc?
elaborated code - clear expression , extensive vocab restricted code - shorthand speech , grammatically simple
34
what is a criticism of bernstein's language codes?
his view of language is over simplistic as wc can use mc language.
35
what two capitals did bourdieu discuss and what do they mean ?
cultural capital - experiences/trips that can help with education economic capital - having the money to afford said experiences
36
what 3 main types of parents did gerwitz find following the introduction of marketisation in education ?
1 - privileged school choosers - mc,lots of economic and cultural capital 2 - disconnected local choosers - wc , restricted by a lack of cultural / economic capital , less confident when dealing with schools. 3 - semi skilled choosers - mainly wc but ambitious for their children , lacked cultural capital so were often confused by the system and became frustrated at their inability to get them into their preferred school.
37
what is compensatory education ?
programmes that aim to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation - sesame street USA , SureStart UK
38
who discussed the myth of cultural deprivation and what it is ?
keddie sees cultural deprivation as a myth and victim blaming - wc culture is not deprived just different - schools should learn how to accommodate to them.
39
what study did becker conduct to prove labelling theory ?
interviewed 60 teachers from Chicago High and found they tended to classify students in terms of a standard of the ideal pupil (appearance , work and conduct).
40
who conducted iq tests to find out about teacher expectations and what were their findings ?
rosenthal and jacobson - conducted an iq test and told the teacher that 20% of the class were identified as 'spurters' that could make rapid progress - when they carried out the test again 8 months later the 'spurters' had made rapid progress due to teacher expectations.
41
what did Ball find when looking at the impact of banding ?(3)
1 - students that had fathers with non manual jobs = top band (good behaviour and smart) 2 - band two were smart but most difficult to control( bad behaviour but smart) 3 - band three were likely to have learning difficulties.
42
who discussed A-C economy and what is it ?
Gillborn and Youdell A-C economy is a system in which schools ration time . effort and resources to concentrate them on pupils they believe will get five C's at GCSE - so they boost league tables.
43
what does 'educational triage' mean by Gillborn and Youdell ? (3)
1 - walking wounded - who will survive so can be ignored. (passing students) 2 - those that will die anyways - so will be ignored('hopeless cases') 3 - those with a chance of survival - so will be helped. (those with potential)
44
what is the definitions of diffrentiation and polarisation ? (lacey)
differentiation - teachers categorise pupils according to how they perceive their ability , attitude of behaviour. Polarisation - pupils respond to streaming by moving to two opposite 'poles' or extremes.
45
what two subcultures are formed as an example of differentiation and polarisation (lacey)
pro school subculture - largely mc , placed in high streams , gains academic success anti school subculture - largely wc , placed in lower streams , suffer a loss of self esteem - creates anti school subculture to gain status.
46
what was rist's study on labelling about?
clowns v tigers table 1 - fast learners , table 2&3=less able. tables are not based on ability but how far they conformed to teachers middle class standards . wc students were labelled 'clowns'(back)and mc students were labelled 'tigers'(front)
47
what were the three stages of classifying pupils in classrooms and who discussed this ?
Hargreaves et al speculation - based on appearance , how far they conformed to discipline ,their ability and enthusiasm,how likeable they were and whether they were deviant. elaboration - hypothesis confirmed or contradicted - typifications are refined. stabilisation - teacher feels they know the pupil and can make sense of them. Actions are evaluated in terms of the 'type of pupil'.
48
what are some criticisms of interactionalism (3)
- labels too deterministic assumes everyone accepts them - labelling may offer insight but does not fully explain wc underachievement - teachers are able to 'pitch' subjects based on different abilities - not a label.
49
what is the difference between symbolic capital and symbolic violence as explained by bourdieu ?
symbolic capital - schools have mc habitus which matches habitus of mc students who have been socialised this way at home. symbolic violence - schools devalue wc habitus so that wc pupils tastes are deemed as worthless.
50
what are 'nike identities' and who said it?
archer - wc students would try to gain self worth by wearing branded clothing but instead this would be a way for teachers to target them as 'violent' and see them as a threat.
51
what is the 'bell curve' and who discussed this - in relation to ethnicity and education
charles murray - black people have a lower IQ which is then linked to their underachievement.
52
what ethnic groups tend to do worse in education ?
african caribbean and pakistani
52
what are some material factors/material deprivational reasons for ethnic underachievement? (4)
- african caribbean/bangladeshi/pakistani = more likely to be wc - more likely to receive free school meals - ethnic minorities = twice as likely to be unemployed - 1/2 of all ethic children=low income households
53
what did ballard find about family values?
asian parents have high aspirations for their children educationally and were a 'positive' resource that encouraged hard work and discipline.
54
what did charles murray find out about family structures in education?
- higher % of single parent families in african caribbean families = single parenthood is linked to reduced life chances and educational achievement
55
who argues that there is a lack of role models for african - Caribbean boys and what were the examples? (3)
spencer holland - family - media - education
56
what does 'nurtured by mtv' mean? who said this?
sewell black boys have lower expectations because of how they're raised whereas chinese and indian students have high expectations with supportive families.
57
what research did noon conduct to find out about racism in society? (3)
- sent identical pairs of letters of enquiry about future employment to top 100 uk companies - signed from two diff applicants called 'evans' and 'patel' - companies were more encouraging to the applications from 'evans'.
58
who said ethnic minorities are more likely to face unemployment which has a negative effect on the child's prospects?
noon
59
what TWO language dialects from african caribbean households are linguistically removed from the dominant english culture? Who discussed this?
Bernstein - creole - patois
60
what did GILLBORN AND YOUDELL find regarding labelling and ethnic minorities?
teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils than others for the same behaviour , seeing their behaviour as challenging authority.
61
What is The New IQism and who discussed it in relation to labelling and ethnic minorities?
GILLBORN AND YOUDELL new iquism is a term that describes access to gifted and talented programmes and higher sets - these opportunities are based on the teachers assessment of a pupil's ability = racialised expectations.
62
what did CECILE WRIGHT say? (2)
teachers assume asian pupils have poor english asian girls = ignored or marginalised
63
what did mary fuller find with black girls in education ?
african caribbean girls may ignore teacher labelling or seek to disprove negative labels and work harder.
64
what THREE pupil identities did LOUISE ARCHER find? (3)
(1) ideal pupil identity - white,mc,masculine,heterosexual (2) pathologized pupil identity - asian , feminine identity , asexual , 'deserving poor'. (3) demonised pupil identity - black/white wc , hyper sexualised identity , un-intelligent , culturally deprived underachiever.
65
what is 'black machsimo' and who discussed it?
sewell - a stereotype that teachers had that saw black boys as rebellious and anti authority.
66
what FOUR ways do black boys respond to teacher stereotypes identified by SEWELL
(1) REBELS - lived up to label,superior (2)CONFORMISTS - keen to succeed to avoid stereotypes (3) RETREATISTS - disconnected from school and black subcultures (4) INNOVATORS - pro education but anti school - moved between rebels and conformists.
67
what is the ethnocentric curriculum and who discussed this?
MIRIAM DAVID - the national curriculum focuses on british history and therefore marginalises ethnic minorities.
68
what did RICHARD HATCHER say about institutional racism and education? (2)
1 - governors gave little attention to race issues such as language support 2 - lack of ethnic minorities role models in schools/college can serve to undermine pupil's self esteem.
69
why has marketisation given schools greater scope for negative stereotyping? Who discussed this?
DAVID GILLBORN selection procedures can lead to ethnic segregation with ethnic minorities pupils failing to get into better schools.
70
what did spender find with gender and achievement? (3)
- teachers spent very little time talking to female students - boys received over 60% of the teacher's time - boys got away with poor behaviour.
71
what was mcrobbies study on gender and education?
compared girls magazines from 1970s to 1990s - saw that girls shifted from wanting to be traditional housewives to wanting to gain a career for themselves
72
what does GIST stand for?
girls in science and technology
73
what are internal explanations for girls improving in education? (5)
- equal opportunities policies - positive role models - GCSES and coursework - challenging stereotypes - a shift in teachers attention
74
what has there been an increase in for girl role models and how much by?
increase in the number of female teachers - primary schools 84%
75
what is it called when there are now more women in teaching and headtacher roles than men?
feminisation of education
76
what did mitsos and browne say about gender and education?
mitsos and browne argues that girls do better in edcuation from the introduction of coursework
77
why do girls do better at coursework? (4)
-willing to spend more time on work - they can meet deadlines - present work neater - girls mature earlier
78
what was archers study on education and gender about ?
archer found that girls attempt to gain 'symbolic capital' - wc would be 'the loud one' or have boyfriends.
79
how does status and educational capital relate?
the need for status brings the girls into conflict with the school , preventing them from acquiring educational capital - qualifications
80
what are some external reasons for boys underachievement in education ? (4)
- parental attitudes - primary socialisation - poorer literacy skills - decline of traditional male jobs - 'crisis of masculinity'
81
list some 'gender regimes' that differ for boys and girls (4)
- girls were exposed to females who were organisers (housework,childcare) - girls are encouraged to be passive - boys were exposed to males regarded as 'macho male' - boys encouraged to be 'active' - going out instead of doing homework
82
what is bedroom culture and who said it?
mcrobbie - girls spend more time with their friends doing homework together whilst boys go outside.
83
what did mitsos and browne find with how boys and girls react to reading , english and stem ? (3)
- common belief that reading was a feminine activity - boys find reading 'alien' to their way of thinking(coventry study) - science has definite answers so boys felt more 'comfortable' in contrast to english that requires understanding/interpretation
84
what did MAC AN GHAILL say about the decline in traditional male jobs? (3)
- boys are unsure of their future roles - men have lost traditional jobs following the decline in manual labour. - boys do not see the point in working hard in school because jobs are now more catered to women(healthcare,hospitality)
85
what are the internal explanations for males educational underachievement ? (4)
- laddish subcultures - behavioural problems - low expectations of boys - boys over confidence
86
how do laddish subcultures aid underachievement in education? (2)
- boys gain street cred and peer group status through not working - school work is seen as 'umacho'.
87
what did MAC AND GHAILL find with male peer groups?
male peer groups produced a range of different class based identities.
88
what are 'dickhead achievers'?
wc boys that worked hard and aspired to get into middle class careers.
89
what did francis notice with the relationships between boys and staff ?
staff are not as strict with boys in comparison to girls as they have lower expectations
90
what did barber's research uncover about gcse results and gender?(3)
- fewer boys than girls think theyre below average - gcse results show girls are doing better - girls lack confidence as they see teachers spending more time with boys.
91
what are the FOUR key reasons for the differences in subject choice? (4)
- early socialisation - gendered subject image - peer pressure - gendered career opportunities
92
what did NORMAN say about early socialisation ? (4)
- boys and girls are dressed differently - boys and girls given different toys - boys and girls encouraged to take part in different activities - parents reward boys for being active and girls for being passive.
93
what are gender domains and WHO said this?
norman - tasks and activities that boys and girls see as male or female territory. for eg - mending a car is male domain , looking after a ill person is female domain.
94
what is 'gendered subject image' and who discussed this ? GIVE AN EXAMPLE
kelly - certain subjects 'give off'a gendered image that either encourages or discourages boys/girls EXAMPLE: science seen as male subject due to textbooks having men inside
95
what did PAETCHER say about girls in pe?
pupils see sport as a male subject , girls that did it were seen as 'lesbian' or 'butch'.
96
why is gendered career opportunities an important reason for difference in subject choice?
employment is still highly gendered - such as women jobs tend to be childcare , nursing
97
what theorists spoke about verbal abuse and gender identity and why?
LEES - boys use name calling to put girls down if they behave or dress in certain ways - SLAGS V DRAGS
98
what did mac n ghaill find for MALE teachers and discipline towards girls and boys? (3)
- male teachers told boys off for 'behaving like girls' - teased boys when they got lower than girls in tests - teachers ignored boys verbal abuse of girls and blamed girls for 'attracting it' .
99
what is the male gaze and who discussed this?
MAC AN GHAILL - male pupils/teachers look girls up and down seeing them as sexual objects and making judgements about their appearance.
100
what did ringrose find for female peer groups?
being popular was crucial to girls' identities - girls find tension between fulfilling the idealised feminine identity vs sexualised identity.

sociology (3 decks)

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