families & households Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
which functionalist believed the family performed four functions?
A
George Murdock.
2
Q
what were the four functions?
A
social,reproductive,economic,sexual
3
Q
what family type do functionalists believe is the best?
A
nuclear.
4
Q
what two ‘units’ do the family provide according to George Murdock?
A
unit of production, unit of consumption.
5
Q
what did Bell and Vogel say a child can be used as within the family as a way of stabilising it?
A
emotional scapegoat - turning problems of the marriage on to the child can have a stabilising influence for the family and society as a whole.
6
Q
what is the loss of functions thesis and who said this?
A
the loss of functions thesis is the theory that institutions such as education has replaced roles within the family - parsons.
7
Q
who said that there were both instrumental and expressive gender roles in the family and what does it mean?
A
Parsons came up with the idea of instrumental and expressive roles. The instrumental role of the family is performed by the male where they are the breadwinners which meets material needs for the family. The expressive role is done by the female as they provide ‘warmth’,security and emotional support which is essential for effective socialisation for the young.
8
Q
what are TWO criticisms of functionalism? (include%)
A
1 - parsons does not consider other family types - lone parent,same sex,extended families.
2 - 42% of marriages In England and Wales end in divorce.
9
Q
which theory criticises the functionalist view of the family for assuming that members of a society are ‘passive puppets’ ?
A
the personal life perspective/social action approach.
10
Q
is the personal life perspective macro or micro and why is this the case?
A
This approach is micro as they focus on individual circumstances as well as meanings. They believe that there are diverse family types and they take on many different forms.
11
Q
What family type did Stacey discuss?
A
Stacey discussed the ‘divorce-extended’ family type. Due to increasing divorce women may still be in contact with their ex partners family if they formed a strong bond with them and will therefore still get support from them.
12
Q
who discussed marriage as ‘something we do’ rather than simply ‘have’ and what was that in reference to?
A
Clarke wanted to delve deeper into marriage and the differences in reality of how people create married relationships. He asked: how married life makes sense to those in the process of acting it out,what does it feel like to be married and does it feel the same to everyone?
These are micro concerns.
13
Q
what did the research into donor - conceived children reveal and who researched this?
A
Nordqvist and Smart done research into donor conceived families found that the issue of blood and genes raised a range of feelings for the members of those particular families. There was some difficult feelings for non genetic parents when somebody remarked that the child ‘looked like them’ as differences in appearances led to parents wondering about the donor’s identity and ‘donor siblings’. Overall this study illustrates how people construct and define their relationships / families rather than imposing traditional definitions on family(blood/genes).
14
Q
what are two criticisms of the personal life perspective?
A
functionalism would critique this view because they believe the nuclear family is essential as it performs essential functions.
Another criticism is that the personal life perspective takes a view that is too broad and that what is special about relationships that are based on blood and marriage is then ignored.
15
Q
what is the marxist view of family?
A
The marxist view of family is that they believe the family serves capitalism.
16
Q
what are the the four ways the family serves capitalism?
A
1- the family socialises children - reproducing labour power and performing an ideological function so there is an acceptance of capitalism(false class consciousness).
2 - women’s domestic work is unpaid which aids capitalism.
3 - the family acts as a safety valve for the stresses/frustrations of workers.
4 - the family is a unit of consumption.
17
Q
what does Engels say about the family? (marxism)
A
Engels believed that when the means of production were communally owned the family did not exist,when society was characterised by primitive communism there was a great deal of promiscuity and no rules to limit sexual relationships. The monogamous nuclear family meant restrictions were placed on the number of partners an individual could have. The problem of inheritance was solved because property was owned by males and in order for them to pass it onto their heirs they had to be certain of legitimacy of their heirs - this controlled women and protected property.
18
Q
who said that the family can be seen as a ‘haven’ but is really a product of alienation and explain how.
A
marxist sociologist Zarestsky argued that in the capitalist modern society it creates the illusion that the ‘private life’ of the family is separate from the economy. If work was alienating then the family would be seen as a ‘haven’.
19
Q
what are two ways zarestksy sees the family as a ‘prop’ to capitalism?
A
1 - the women has to satisfy the sexual needs,housework and cooking meals for the man so he is refreshed and restored to return to the world of exploitive work.
2 - the family has become a vital unit of consumption which allows the bourgeoise to continue to make profit.
20
Q
what were althussers view of the family (marxism) ?
A
althusser believes the family is an ideological state apparatus that which passes on ruling class ideas and beliefs. This therefore maintains the capitalist economic system as children are not encouraged to question capitalism or the inequality it creates.
21
Q
what are some criticisms of the marxist perspective of family?
A
- marxism assumes that the nuclear family is dominant in a capitalist society and ignores the wide and increasing family structures.
- marxists emphasis on social class and capitalism underestimates the importance of gender inequalities.
22
Q
what are feminists main concerns in regards to the family? (4)
A
- domestic labour - unpaid work in the house and cleaning is done by women.
- emotional labour - radical feminists suggests that women provide their husbands with emotional support.
- male domination - feminists see the family as male dominated(patriarchy) as men control the key areas of decision making in which they may turn to violent.
- economic dependancy - married women are often economically dependant on their husbands.
23
Q
what are the four different strands of feminism?
A
liberal feminism,marxist feminism,radical feminism and difference feminists.
24
Q
what is liberal feminists main aim and focus?
A
liberal feminists want to see gradual change and are more concerned with social change. they do not seek revolutionary social change but gradual through legislative changes.
- Sex discrimination act 1975,
Equal opportunities act 1970.
25
what type of feminist is sommerville and what does she say?
somerville is a liberal feminist and has acknowledged the gradual change that has been made for equal opportunities but believes men do not take on their full share of responsibilities.
26
what do marxists feminists believe?
marxist feminists see the family as beneficial to men but also to capitalism. The sexual division of labour suggests that women are expected to be responsible for domestic work and child care. This means that women become economically dependent on men and have no access to money that they see as their own.
27
which feminist is Anne Oakley and what does she say?
Anne Oakley is an marxist feminist who argues that the sexual division of labour means that women are expected to be responsible for domestic work and childcare. Women are expected to deal with the frustrations and anger of husbands and children but have no one to whom they can turn to themselves.
28
what does feminist irene breugal and margaret benson say about women in employment?
(marxist feminist)
Irene Breugal suggests that women are easy to hire and fire so form a reserve army of labour which maintains women's unemployment as it is more easily disguised as their primary work is being a housewife.
margaret benson suggests that capitalism gets two workers for the price of one - women cook and clean for men if they did not do this then employers would have to pay higher wages so men can pay for the services.
29
what are radical feminists main concern about the family?
radical feminists believe that society is patriarchal and it is dominated and ruled by men - men are seen as the enemy of women's liberation.
30
what is the idea of 'compulsory sexuality' and who said this?
Adrienne Rich - women are forced into heterosexuality because this is the only socially accepted form of sexuality. lesbianism is regarded as deviant or an abnormal alternative.
31
which radical feminists said that women provide '57 varieties of unpaid work'?
delphy and leonard
32
what are black feminists/difference feminists main concerns (with names)?
amos and parmer
- argue that we cannot generalise about women's experience could differ dependant on social class , ethnicity and sexuality.
- black women may have different experiences to other women as they not only have to deal with sexism but racism too.
33
what was the 'violence against wives 1980' study about/findings and who came up with it? (4)(stats included)
- dobash and dobash attempt to describe and explain violence against women in modern society.
- the study involved 109 interviews with women who had experienced domestic violence from both w/m class backgrounds(age 16-60).
- findings - if a husband saw a challenge to his authority violent incidents would ensue
- 88% of women attempted to leave but had to return due to economic reasons or children.
34
what did the office for national statistics provide stats for and which theorist? (3)
- the office for national stats provide information on domestic abuse
- YEARNSHIRE found that on average women would suffer 35 assaults before reporting it and domestic violence is the least likely crime to be reported.
- some groups have a greater risk of domestic violence such as: lower classes,children and young women
35
what are some key concepts for the domestic division of labour? (4)
- conjugal roles - roles of man and women in the home
- segregated roles - couples have separate roles
- joint conjugal roles - couples share tasks such as housework and childcare.
- domestic division of labour - how the domestic work in a household is divided between husband and wife.
36
what did young and willmott say about the symmetrical family? what are the three main points they outlined?
they said that there has been a march of progress and used a questionnaire with families in london to measure this.
1 - women now go out to work
2- men help with the housework
3-couples now share their leisure time together.
37
which feminist criticised the symmetrical family and why? (2) (included stats)
anne oakley -
2)15% of men had high participation in housework
1) 25% of men had high participation in childcare but only done the fun parts.
38
what did pahl and vogler say about family finances? (there is two types)
allowance system - where men give their wives an allowance
pooling - both partners have access to income
39
what did fletcher say about the welfare state and policies?
(functionalism)
fletcher said that with the introduction of welfare state and policies such as free NHS,compulsory education and housing policies all help families take better care of its members.
40
what does marxism say about social policy and the family?
(three examples + mention of althusser) (3)
- low level state pension maintains capitalism because it gives old people the bare minimum to live off
- althusser argues that policies are part of an ideological state apparatus maintaining false class consciousness suggesting capitalism has a 'friendly face' (minimum wage).
- improvements for working class families have been won through class struggle(free health care,pensions)
41
what do lib and rad feminists think of social policy? (2)
- Radical feminists argue that social policies assume there is male and female providers such as child benefit which is paid to the women assuming she is the main carer of the children.
- liberal feminists have fought for policies to redress gender inequality such as the equal pay act,sex discrimination laws.
42
what do the new right think of social policies?
the new right believe family diversity creates welfare dependency and the rise of the 'underclass' . For the new right policy needs to change with cuts in welfare spending and restrictions on who is eligible for benefits
43
what does murray say about social policy ?
murray belives that benefits / council housing encourages dysfunctional family types.
44
who came up with the concept of 'fatherless families ' ?
dennis and erdos - women are unable to socialise children effectively - young boys growing up without as role model and therefore do not learn how to be effective fathers.
45
what policies have the new right set up / introduced ? (4)
- child support agency (1993) - forced absent parents to take financial responsibility for their children - mothers lost state benefits when fathers paid.
- clause 28 - magaret thatcher stopped the teaching of homosexuality in schools.
- marriage tax breaks - married couples on certain incomes can get tax breaks .
- community care policy - care done. by family members instead of state.
46
criticisms of the new right (2)
- feminism - see the new right as a form of patriarchy (single parent families assume women = carer)
- Their conservative policies have harmed family rather than helped them - cuts in education.
47
what do the new labour government think about social policy? (2)
- under the leadership of tony blair new labour came to power in 1997 - promised to promote 'middle way ' which unites both right and left wings views.
- Sees family as the basis of society - disagrees nuclear family is only form.
48
what are some policies introduced under the new labour government?(3)
- green paper on 'supporting families ' - recognised social changes so not just nuclear family.
- maternity and paternity leave - both mum and dad time off work.
- working families tax credits.
49
Criticisms of new labour gov ( 2)
- feminists - the preference for nuclear family is patriarchal and 'cereal packet family ' (leach ) is still forefront of policy .
- New right = criticise new labour views on family diversity .
50
what do the coalition government think of social policy? (3)
- The introduction of the legalisation of gay marriage is opposed by the new right.
- Also introduced paternity leave.
- Coalition policies mainly focused on austerity policies - cutting public spending.
51
what would postmodernists think of social policy ? (stacey & beck )
families should be shaped by the needs and wishes of the individuals (beck individualisation thesis ) - therefore stacey (divorce extended ) would argue social policy should reflect this and allow for choice.
52
what are the trends / patterns for marriage in recent years ? (4) - include %'s
1 - fewer people marrying
2 - more re-marriages , 2005 4/10
3 - marrying later
4 - couples less likely to be married in church - 1981 60% of marriages = religious but fallen to 35% by 2005 .
53
what are the reasons for changing patterns of marriages ? (5)
1 - less pressure to marry and more freedom for individuals
2 - secularisation - church influence decline more people are cohabitating.
3 - women now work + education - not economically dependent on men so can remain single.
4 - societal approval of cohabitation - no longer stigmatised .
5 - rising divorce - people fear being divorced therefore don't get married.
54
is marriage declining? (what %)
(british social attitudes survey 2000)
yes however it is still dominating with only 9% saying there is no point getting married while 74% disagreed.
55
why is divorce increasing ? (6)
1 - changes in the law , divorce reform act 1969
2 - declining stigma and changing attitudes
3 - secularisation
4 - rising expectations
5 - changes in the position of women
6 - modernity and individualization
56
what are some features of changes in law - for divorce?(2)
divorce reform act 1969 - irretrievable breakdown.
'empty shell marriages' - live together and remain legally married but their marriage exists in name only.
57
what did cockett and tripp say about divorce ?
divorce is becoming more acceptable and normalised.
58
define secularisation
secularisation is the decline in the influence of religion in society.
59
what does fletcher say about rising expectations ?
people place higher expectations on marriage which is a major cause of rising divorce dates - people expect more love and marriage
60
why do functionalists agree with rising expectations in marriage ?
functionalists believe that rising expectations is positive because it points to the continuing importance of marriage.
61
why does the changes in the position of women lead to increasing divorce ? (3)
- improved economic position
- equal pay and sex discrimination act
- better success in education leads to better paid jobs and welfare benefits.
62
what does diana gittins say ? (divorce)
divorced men are more likely to remarry than women are.
63
who spoke about the triple shift - housework, paid work , emotion work
dunscombe and marsden
64
what does confluent love mean & who said it?
(modernity and individualisation)
love is focused on intimacy,closeness and emotion on the basis of relationships rather than duty and obligation - GIDDENS
65
list factors about divorce : age,social class,other factors (3) (included stat)
- age - earlier the age of marriage the more likely the couple are to divorce (women under 20 = 24% separation within 5 years compared with 8% of women 25-29).
- social class - lower class position of husbands = more likely to divorce
- other factors - first marriages are likely to end in divorce
66
what did kiernan and muller say about social class and divorce ?
suggests that unemployment , reliance on state benefits and low income are all associated with high divorce rates.
67
how do the new right view divorce ?
divorce is undesirable as it undermines traditional nuclear family.
68
how do the feminists view divorce ?
divorce is desirable because it shows that women are breaking from the oppression of the patriarchal nuclear family.
69
how do postmodernists and individualization thesis view divorce ?
divorce is giving individuals the freedom to choose their family.
70
how do functionalists view divorce ?
divorce is the result of people's higher expectations of marriage today - people are still committed to the idea of marriage.
71
how do the interactionists / personal life perspective view divorce ?
try to understand what divorce means to the individual , every interpretation of divorce is different.
72
why is cohabitation increasing? (3) including statistic.
- decline in social stigma
- young are more likely to accept cohabitation - 88% of 18-24 year olds would live together but not marry
- increased career opportunities for women mean they have less need for financial security of marriage.
73
what does chester say about cohabitation ?
- diversity is exaggerated because cohabitation is just a step before marriage known as a 'trial marriage'.
74
what does weeks say about same sex relationships?
increased social acceptance has led to a trend in 'chosen families' offering the same security as hetereosexual families.
75
why has there been an increase in one person households? (2)
- the increase in separation and divorce as led to more one person households
- the decline in the numbers marrying and marrying later means more people are remaining single.
76
what does the british social attitudes survey suggest for living apart together couples? - (1/10...)
1 in 10 adults live apart together - due to less formalised relationships and more 'families of choice'.
77
what are some changes in childbearing? (4)
- choosing career over children
- children at a later age
- fewer children being had
- more women remaining childless
78
why is the birth rate declining? (4)
- availability of contraception
- declining infant mortality rate
- costs
- smaller families - increasing child centeredness.
79
3 facts about lone parent families (included stat)
- women headed because of 'expressive role'
- lone parent families rising because of divorce increase and separation.
- 1 child in 4 lives in a lone parent family.
80
what does charles murray say about lone parents?
creates a 'perverse incentive' by being able to rely on welfare benefits - believes in abolishing welfare benefits.
81
3 facts about step families (including stat)
- more children in step families are from a womens past relationship
- step families are at a greater risk of poverty
- step families account for over 10% of all families with dependant children.
82
what are the ethnic differences in the family ? - asian and black households. (2)
- black Caribbean people have a higher proportion of lone parent families - women headed.
- bangladeshi , pakistani and indian households tend to be larger than other ethnic groups - extended family.
83
what did pilcher say about childhood ?
Argues that the key feature of childhood is in fact separateness - children have the right to happiness.
84
What did Wagg say about childhood ?
For millions of children around the world , childhood as understood in the west never appeared in the first place.
85
What did Ennew say about childhood?
Ennew stated that children in Jamaica are part of the workforce and so their last priority is ‘playing’.
86
What did Benedict say about childhood in different countries? (4 + stat)
- children in non industrial societies are expected to have greater levels of responsibility at home / work.
- less value is placed on obedience to adults
- children’s sexual behaviour is often viewed differently
- 150 million children in developing countries are involved in child labour , 250,000 child soldiers worldwide.
87
What did Aries say about childhood ?
Modern western idea of childhood is a relatively recent one and that in medieval Europe the idea of childhood did not exist. ‘Mini adults’ - children had the same rights , duties and skills as adults.
High infant mortality rates , large families , children had little or no education , most adults were young and often had childlike qualities.
88
what did postman say about childhood ?
- conception of childhood radically changed in the 15th century with printing press
- it took time to learn skills therefore created a difference between adult and child 'information hierarchy' .
89
how did childhood change in the 19th/20th century ?
(3)
- low infant mortality rates = smaller families , parents invest more in children (money + emotions)
- laws were introduced that banned child labour - not economic assets but financially dependant on parents.
- compulsory schooling since 1880 has created a period of dependency on the family and separated children from adult work.
90
what are some ways that the position of children has improved ? - march of progress view (5)
- Welfare state provides wide range of benefits to help parents care for their children
- compulsory education and more time spent in further education and training means young people are dependant on their parents for longer
- paediatrics + science of childhood developed = suggests how children should be brought up by their parents.
- children are protected from harm and exploitation by laws against child abuse and child labour (UN conventions on rights of the child)
- most babies now survive - imr was 154 in 1900 but now declined to 5.
91
what are some ways that the position of children has not improved ? - conflict view - with examples. (4)
- children of different nationalities are likely to experience different childhoods(ennew jamaica study)
- gender differences , girls are expected to do more housework - hillman (1993) found boys are allowed more freedom than girls
- class inequalities - howard (2001) found that children who born into poor families are more likely to die in infancy/childhood or suffer more illness , be behind in school , child protection register.
- ethnic differences - brannen (1994) found that asian parents are more likely to be strict towards their daughters.
92
what are some inequalities between children and adults ? ( 4 )
- time - bedtimes , when they eat/sleep , daily routines
- space - children can't enter certain places such as shops and are told to play in certain areas
- bodies - adults control what children wear , how they sit and how they walk (restrict how children touch their own bodies(sucking thumb)
- access to resources - children only have limited opportunities to earn money and are economically dependant - labour laws and compulsory education means they can't work and adults control the pocket money they're given.
93
what does firestone say about childhood ?
extensive care and protection are just new forms of oppression eg being banned from paid work is not a benefit to children but a form of inequality - subjecting them to greater adult control.
94
what does Gittens say about childhood - how many children on the child protection register? (2)
- there is an age patriarchy of adult domination that keeps children subordinate/dependant .
- violence towards children - 30,000 children are on the child protection register.
95
what does smart say about childhood (2)
(new sociology of childhood)
- argues that children are not merely passive victims of socialisation but active agents who play a major part in creating their own childhoods.
- unstructured interviews - smart found that children were actively involved in trying to make the situation better for everybody.
96
who argued that childhood is now disappearing and what did they say ?
postman (1994) - children are becoming more like adults and media cultures fail to distinguish age groups as adults and children watch the same tv , use same language and introduced to sex younger. decrease in information hierarchy.
97
what did palmer say about the future of childhood?
rapid technological + cultural changes are damaging a children's development - junk food , computer games , intensive marketing. TOXIC CHILDHOOD.
98
what does lee say about childhood?
childhood is complex and contradictory - children are important as consumers but dependant on parents for purchasing power. (argument only applies to modern western views of childhood )
99
what does Zelizer say about childhood ? (2)
- disappearance of childhood is a positive thing as children cost a lot to raise and they contribute little to the economy.
- with greater female employment he sees children making a greater contribution as house children - kibbutz.
100
what does jenks say about childhood now ? (2)(postmodernity)
- childhood is not disappearing just changing
- childhood continues to be a separate status where they are viewed as vulnerable and in need of protection.
101
what is the definition of birth rate?
the number of live births per 1000 of the population per year.
102
what is the definition of fertility rate ?
the average number of children a woman has in her fertile years (15-44)
103
what is the definition of death rate?
the number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year.
104
when was there a 'spike' of uk births? (give the time period)
After the 1st and 2nd world wars(baby booms) , mid 1960s.
105
why is there a decline in fertility rates ? (2)
- more women are remaining childless than in the past
- women are postponing having children - average age for giving birth is now 30.
106
what does Harper say about falling birth rates ?
education of women is the most important reason for the long term fall in birth and fertility rates.
107
what does Harper say about decreasing IMR
A fall in imr is because if many infants die parents have more children to replace them but with more infants surviving then parents will have fewer children.
108
why are children economic liability's? (3)
- laws have banned child labour
- compulsory schooling and raised school leaving age meaning children are economically dependent for longer.
- norms about what children have a right to expect in material items have also changed as the cost of bringing up children has rose.
109
what does child centeredness mean ?
child centeredness is where parents have less children but lavish more attention and resources on them.
110
effects of a falling birth rate (3)
- dependancy ratio - a fall in the number of children reduces the burden of dependancy on the working population.
- effect on public services / policies - fewer schools , maternity and child health care services may be needed , affects the cost of maternity and paternity leave + types of housing that will be needed.
- ageing population - average age of population is rising - more old people relative to young people.
111
what did tranter say about the death rate and infectious diseases?
over 3/4 of the decline in death rate was due to a fall in the number of deaths from infectious diseases such as measles , smallpox and tuberculosis.
112
what does mckeown say about improved nutrition ? (death rate)
improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates and was particularly important in reducing the number of deaths from TB. Better nutrition increased resistance to infection and increased survival chances.
113
how do medical improvements relate to the death rate ?
after the 1950s improved medical knowledge and techniques helped to reduce death rates - advances included the introduction of antibiotics , immunisation , blood transfusion , improved maternity services - NHS.
114
how do public health measures from governments relate to death rates and which acts reduce air pollution? (2)
- central and local government have made improvements in housing: purer drinking water and improved sewage disposal
- Clean Air Acts reduce Air pollution
115
what does harper say about smoking / diet in accordance to death rates ?
the greatest fall in death rates has come from a reduction of people smoking , however obesity has now replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic.
116
what are some other social changes (in relation to death rates) (5)
- decline in dangerous manual occupations such as mining
- smaller families reducing the transmission of infection
- greater public knowledge of the cause of illness
- lifestyle changes especially in the number of men smoking
- higher incomes
117
how do public services relate to an ageing population ? (2)
- older people consume a larger proportion of services such as health and social care than other age groups.
- ageing population may also mean changes to policies and provision of housing , transport and other services.
118
how do one person pensioner households relate to the ageing population? (2) (includes number stats)
- the number of pensioners living alone has increased and one person pensioner households now account for 12.5% or 1/8 households.
- among over 75s there are twice as many women than men - 'feminisation of later life'.
119
how does the dependency ratio relate to an ageing population? (2)
- the non - working old are an economically dependent group who need to be provided by those of working age.
- as the number of retired people rises this increases the dependency ratio and the burden on the working population.
120
what does pilcher argue about an ageing population ?
inequalities remain in old age and an indidvidual's previous occupational position determines the experience of an older person. eg - middle class people have better occupational pensions and greater savings.
121
what does hirsch say about policy implications? ( ageing pop) (2)
- number of social policies will need to change to tackle new problems posed by an ageing pop.
- The main problem is how to finance a longer period of old age.
122
definition of migration
movement into a country / society.
123
definition of emigration
movement out of a country/society
124
definition of net migration
the difference between the numbers of migrants and the numbers of emigrants.
125
definition of push factors
factors pushing british people to emigrate - including the economic recession and unemployment.
126
definition of pull factors
factors pulling people into different countries - could include higher wages , better opportunities abroad.
127
what does vertoc say about migration ?
calls the new migrant diversity 'super diversity' as migrants come from a wider range of countries and arrive under different circumstances.
128
what did enreich and hochschild say about the globalisation of the gender division of labour ?
women that have migrated to the Uk now do traditional jobs such as care work , sex workers , cleaners.
129
what did eriksen research about migrant 'transnational' identities ?
individuals that move back and forth instead of settling in one country identify 'transnational identities' - not belonging to one culture / country.
130
what is the definition of shallow diversity ?
superficial ways of being 'diverse' - accepting chicken tikka masala as a british national dish.
131
what is the definition of deep diversity ?
being completely emerged in other cultures - such as disagreeing with arranged marriages.
132
what does morgan say about family diversity ?
we construct our own life course and relationships so families are not fixed structures but are simply what people choose to do.
133
why does smart criticise the individualisation thesis?(2)
- the individualisation thesis exeggerates how much choice people have over family relationships.
- they need to take into consideration social factors such as:social class inequalities + patriarchy.
