EDUCATION Flashcards
(22 cards)
Moynihan - attainment between different ethnic groups
argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother (48% of Caribbean families), their children are deprived of adequate care because the mother has to struggle financially in the absence of the male breadwinner. The fathers absence also means that boys lack a male role model achievement.
Murray - new right - attainment between ethnic groups
also agreed and argued that a high rate of lone parenthood and lack of positive make role models lead to underachievement of some minorites
Driver - critic for the cultural deprivation theory - single mothers
ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. It could be argued that single mothers provide black girls a positive role model that is presented in education as only 25% of black carribean teenage boys achieve 5 good grades compared to 40% of girls.
Keddie - critics the cultural deprivation theory
stating that ethnic minority groups are not culturally deprived but culturally different. They underachieve because schools are ethnocentric, biased in favour of white cultures and against minorities.
Guy Palmer - statistics - attainment between different ethnic groups
almost half of Bangladeshis and Pakistani workers earned under £7, compared with only a quarter of white workers.
Gil ron and youdell - ethnicity and attainment
would agree that teachers are quicker to discipline black pupils than others from the same behaviour than others for the same behaviour. This would lead them to be streamed into lower sets because this negative label would lead to self fullilfing prophecy.
Norman - gender and subject choices
from an early age boys and girls are dressed differently, given different toys such as boys and toy trucks and girls with dolls and encouraged to take part in different activities. This is referred to as canalisation.
Murphy and Elwood - gender and subject choices
Demonstrate how this can result in different tastes in reading and therefore subject choices such as boys reading hobby books and information texts while girls are most likely to read stories hence why boys prefer science subjects and girls prefer English.
Wilkinson - gender and subject choices
There has been a radical cultural change in women’s attitudes which Wilkinson calls a genderquake. Wilkinson notes that compared to previous generations, women today see education and careers as having more importance than settling down to marriage and children.
Sharpe
interviewed girls in the 1970s and 1990s to show a major shift in how they see their future. In 1974 girls had low aspirations believing that educational success was unfeminine and that appearing ambitious would be unattractive. However in the 1990s girls had placed importance on a career and being able to support themselves
Diane reay - gendered subjects
found that some working class girls continue to have gender-stereotyped aspirations for marriage and children and expect to go into traditional low paid women’s work.
Bernstein - cultural factors
has argued that there are two types of language use, elaborated code and restricted code. Bernstein states that the lower class is mainly limited to the restricted code where it’s more informal, slang and lack of vocabulary. The restrictive code accounted for the realitvely poor performing working class subjected on their colloquial simplistic language . The elaborated code is used in a formal context such as when strangers meet, writing an essay, job interviews, textbook. It is arguable based on enriched cultural capital and adequate education. Although arguable the restricted code is far more efficient, the elaborated code provides an establishment of authority and higher socio economic status through intellectually advanced communication. Middle class young people who are used to using thhe elaborated code at home will therefore find school work easier, learn more and experience a smoother transition from home to school. Whereas the working class experience a clash resulting in a sense of alienation. Elaborated code is also incredibly important in contemporary society as most employers will make an immediate assumption on a potential employees potential based on their language and communication which helps bolster the middle classes opportunities within the workforce.
Melanie Philips - cultural factors - family
She states that Modern Family Life in Britain is rapidly increasing in number of broken families in which effective socialisation has been disrupted and Disorder. Thus their underachievement is due to the inadequate parenting caused by family disruption. While she makes a valid point she does not take into consideration that many children strive to work hard despite family structures.
Wedge and prosper - cultural factors - deprivation
state that working class children feel excluded from the education system because of economic deprivation. Such as lack of quiet space to study- children in poorer backgrounds live in smaller living spaces and share bedrooms with siblings. Unhealthy diet which means they are most likely to skip meals and not concentrate in school or poor housing where they live in cold and damp conditions and most likely to become ill and be absent from school.
Mitosis and Browne - cultural factors - underachievement
suggest that teachers are less strict with boys and allow them to waste time, which leads to their underachievement. This means boys feel more freely to disrupt the classroom which results in higher exclusions rates with disadvantage them.
Gillborn and youdell - ethnic minority underachievement - labelling
found a disporporitonate number of black students being entered for foundation tiers in GCSES, meaning they could not attain higher than a C grade. This then demonstrates that ethnic minority underachievement is not inevitable as teachers hold a negative stereotype, then the students act on these labels.
David Gilborn - ethnic minorities as a threat
found that teachers tended to see African-Caribbean children as a threat when no threat was intended and reacted accordingly with measures of control.
Smith 1990s - material deprivation
found that there are a large number of differenent hidden costs involved in maintaining a child’s education. Despite the fact that there are schemes which attempt to offer financial aid to some students, however these grants have been cut back in recent years.
Parsons - role of education
believes school is meritocratic and that all children have equal opportunities to succeed regardless of individuals differences such as age, gender, ethnicity. He believes schools acts as a microcosm of society and that everything we learn through that structure of school prepares us when we leave to join the workforce.
Heaton and Lawson - feminists
Some might say that schools pass on patriarchal values and disadvantages girls and women for example, Heaton and Lawson argued that this was done through the hidden curriculum such as certain subjects aimed at specific genders and male dominance in top positions and even more so in universities.
Davis and Moore - functionalist - role of education
believes the education system is a means of role allocation in a meritocratic society. They believe that education ‘sifts and sorts’ children into the most suited roles in the different levels of job markets based on their talents and hard work.
Bowles and Gintis - role of education - Marxism
contradict parsons theory on the hidden curriculum with the correspondence theory, they believe it teaches the working class to be obedient and docile and leads them to be exploited in later life by the bourgeoise and the capitalist system. He believes school teaches children to submit to authority and shows them they do not have a choice in decisions to so when they come into the labour market they do not question the hierarchy and the capitalist system, so they are exploited and they do not protest and accept this. Rewards and sanctions are seen when pupils are rewarded with good marks and according to Bowles and Gintis this is a reward for compliance not academic achievement and at workplace there are payday and even bonuses.
