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Sociology Paper One > Education Definitions > Flashcards

Education Definitions Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Define A-C economy

A

Schools focus a disproportionate amount of time and resources to achieve passing grades

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2
Q

Define academisation

A

The process of local authority schools becoming academies, meaning they are self-governed and can choose their own curriculum and term dates.

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3
Q

Define anti-school subculture

A

An alternate status hierarchy which is derived from direct opposition of school expectations and ethos (Willis’ Lads)

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4
Q

Define ascribed status

A

An involuntary status assigned at birth and unchangeable - ethnicity, wealth status

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5
Q

Define achieved status

A

Mainly earned by merit. Reflects personal skills, talent, ability, effort and hard work - qualifications.

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6
Q

Define compensatory education

A

Extra funds and resources to tackle cultural and material deprivation and close the gap between w/c and m/c children in education. (EAZs)

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7
Q

Define comprehensive schools

A

Local schools which do not select based on ability and are run by the local education authority.

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8
Q

Define comprehensivisation

A

Establishment of comprehensive schools to replace the tripartite system

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9
Q

Define correspondence principle

A

Marxist idea that school prepares students for future exploitation by mirroring the norms and values of the workplace.

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10
Q

Define cream skimming

A

Selecting only the highest bility students to gain the best results

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11
Q

Define cream skimming

A

Selecting only the highest bility students to gain the best results

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12
Q

Define crisis of masculinity

A
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13
Q

Define cultural capital

A

The skills. knowledge and attitudes possessed by the m/c - advantageous over w/c because language and values mirror teachers, exams and the school ethos

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14
Q

Define cultural deprivation

A

Theory that w/c socialisation is inadequate at providing the norms, values and knowledge to succeed

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15
Q

Define deferred gratification

A

The value of delaying immediate reward in favour of hard work in the present to receive greater reward in the future - explains the m/c tendency to go to university.

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16
Q

Define deprivation/poverty cycle

A

One aspect of material disadvantage has a knock on effect - poverty is reinforced and carried across generations because being poor means a poor diet and living conditions which causes time off school/work etc

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17
Q

Define deterministic

A

Assumes that an input like labelling always has the same effect like internalisation, ignoring the agency of individuals to respond in their own way.

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18
Q

Define division of labour

A

Production is broken down into smaller specialised jobs to improve efficiency.

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19
Q

Define economic capital

A

Possession of economic and material resources

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20
Q

Define educational triage

A

Schools sort students into 3 groups and focus attention and resources on middle ‘could pass’ group instead of high and low achiever groups

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21
Q

Define elaborated code

A

Context-free language consisting of a wide vocabulary, complex sentences allowing the expression of abstract ideas. The speech code of the m/c and institutions.

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22
Q

Define endogenous privatisation

A

Schools are made to compete like businesses while still under government control - idea behind marketisation.

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23
Q

Define equality of opportunity

A

The fairness of processes through which individuals from different social groups reach outcomes like GCSEs or uni.

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24
Q

Define ethnocentric curriculum

A

Curriculum treats white, European history, religion and culture as superior, excluding children from ethnic backgrounds who feel unrepresented

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25
Define ethos
The culture of the school - the expected norms, values and aspirations of students
26
Define exogenous privatisation
Schools are taken over by private businesses rather than run directly by the government
27
Define expressive role
The typically female roles and subjects in school and society - essay based or emotionally taxing.
28
Define fatalism
The attitude of the w/c that believes low paid jobs and failure in education is inevitable - results in low aspirations
29
Define free schools
Schools set up and run by parents, charities and businesses or for specialties like religious or international students.
30
Define gender domains
Activities, hobbies, interests etc that boys and girls see as typical territory of their gender - football or dressing up.
31
Define gender socialisation
The process through which children learn the social expectations, attitudes and behaviours associated with their gender
32
Define globalisation
Interconnected changes in economic, cultural and social spheres of society - involves integration between nations.
33
Define grammar schools
Selective schools for those who pass the 11+ IQ test - offers academic educations for high achieving students - ethos focuses on going to uni.
34
Define Habitus
Bourdieu - norms, values, attitudes and behaviours of a social class
35
Define hegemonic masculinity
Ideology that legitimises the dominance of men in society
36
Define hidden curriculum
The norms and values informally taught in schools via teacher expectations, attitudes and school ethos
37
Define ideal pupil
Usually white or model minority (East Asian), middle class, female and have passive characteristics
38
Define ideological state apparatus (Althusser)
Institutions like school spread the ideology of the ruling class to ensure that the w/c are in a state of false class consciousness and are prepared to accept exploitation.
39
Define immediate gratification
Wanting a reward immediately, even if it means giving up a larger future reward. A typical w/c belief - explains the desire to go straight into paid menial or labour employment.
40
Define independent schools
Schools that are not state funded and are paid for by parents. Not required to follow the national curriculum.
41
Define institutional racism
Discrimination that is built into the everyday workings of the school via sociological processes like the ethos and curriculum
42
Define instrumental role
The typically male roles and subjects in school and society - maths/science based or physical.
43
Define labelling
Teachers' judgment of students based on superficial characteristics like class, sex and ethnicity
44
Define league tables
The tables that measure school performance to inform parent choice - official stats that rank schools against eachother.
45
Define legitimisation of class inequality
Schools justify inequalities via teaching the myth of meritocracy - w/c students believe that exam failure is their own fault and they don't deserve unachievable highly paid jobs.
46
Define male gaze
Seeing the female body as something for patriarchal society to watch, conquer and possess rather than as individuals.
47
Define marketisation
The principle behind the 1988 Education Act that introduced open enrolment and formula funding aiming to create competition between schools to increase standards.
48
Define material deprivation
Lack of access to basic, material resources has a negative effect of education due to poor diet, housing, access to equipment, internet and uniform.
49
Define myth of meritocracy
Marxist idea that school teaches that meritocracy is real and the qualifications achieved by an individual are based on intelligence instead of class background and social inequalities.
50
Define national curriculum
Sets subjects and content that all state funded schools are required to teach.
51
Define OFSTED
Government body that inspects and publishes reports of schools - has the power to put schools on special measures and change staffing.
52
Define parentocracy
The ability for parents to consider and specifically chose schools for their children
53
Define particularistic values
The specific values by which parents nudge their children - considering them as unique rather than judging by the universalistic standards of society
54
Define passive subservience
Accepting authority and doing what they're told without questioning it
55
Define polarisation
The best schools have improved and the worst have declined further as a result of marketisation
56
Define repressive state apparatus
Violent organisations and institutions used to repress the subordinate social classes - police etc
57
Define reproduction of inequality
Inequality is continually socially reproduced because the education system is overlaid by ruling class ideology.
58
Define restricted code
Context-bound language consisting of a limited vocabulary and simple sentences. The language of the w/c.
59
Define role allocation
Education allocates people to the most appropriate job based on their talents and skills using exams and qualifications.
60
Define role allocation
Students are sifted and sorted into appropriate jobs based on their abilities determined by the qualifications they possess - m/c who typically have better educations receive higher paid and status jobs.
61
Define self-fulfilling prophecy
The internalisation of a label given to an individual - students labelled as hopeless reject education
62
Define setting and streaming
Grouping students by ability and placing them in classes of similar abilities
63
Define silt shifting
Taking on poor students for funding because the shcool is low ranking
64
Define skilled choosers
M/c parents use cultural and economic capital and skills to make informed decisions and choose the best schools for their children.
65
Define social capital
The connections and skills to secure benefits possessed by the m/c
66
Define specialist skills
Society is based on the interdependence of specialist skills and requires a level of of role differentiation for complex division of labour
67
Define stratification
The hierarchal layering of society into distinct groups possessing different levels of wealth or power - Social class or Caste system
68
Define symbolic capital
The resources available to the upper classes on the basis of status and prestige
69
Define tripartite system
1944 Butler Education Act - created 3 types of schools that sorted students: Grammar, Secondary Moderns, and Secondary Technicals.
70
Define unskilled choosers
W/c parents likely to send children to closest school rather that researching or making informed choices as they may feel uncomfortable due to a lack of understanding.
71
Define value consensus (Durkheim)
The extent to which individuals in society share the same norms and values via socialisation - without this Anomie occurs

Sociology Paper One (6 decks)

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