Education Topic 2- Flashcards
(46 cards)
State the interactionist way of observing education
Interactionists use micro or small scaled deatailed studies of what happens in schools/classrooms.
By using qualitative research methods such as unstructured interviews or participant, non-participant observations interactionists discover how interactions affect educational success
State how unstructured interviews work
Unstructured interviews are less rigid than structured.
Very little/no concern of their nature will be decided in advances
Often start with 1/2 Qs picking up on issues this interviews raises.
More difficult to analyse but have greater validity, as interviewers will be more likely to report whatever they wish to say and the researchers can be flexible in their approach
State how participant observations work
Participant observations work by having the researcher become a member of the group whose behaviour they’re watching
State how non participant observations work
Non participant observations work when the researcher doesn’t become a member of the group whose behaviour they’re watching and recording
State 8 school processes and organisation factors that affect underachievement in education
1- quality of teachers 2- head teachers leadership 3- school ethos 4- teacher attitudes and expectations 5- teacher-pupil interactions 6- school discipline 7- the curriculum 8- setting
7 things school ethos may include:
1) all pupils are valued and encouraged to reach potential
2) emphasis on academic, artistic and sporting success
3) emphasis on smsc development of students
4) emphasis on = opportunities and intolerance to discrimination
5) parents encouraged to get involved and communicated regularly with
6) good relationships between staff and pupils
7) school encourages participation
What is school ethos
those values and beliefs which the school. officially supports.
What does smsc stand for
Social, moral, spiritual and cultural
Examples of things taught by the hidden curriculum
Punctuality
Dress code
Respect for authoritatives
Teaching kids the importance of completing tasks they may not enjoy
Who studied 12 schools on teacher interactions
Rutter et al
What was Rutter et als study on 12 schools and their findings
Rutter et al studied 12 schools and found that the key features that made a difference were:
Teachers being well prepared
High expectations for pupils
Teachers set good examples
Teachers place more emphasis on praise rather than punishment
There’s a Positive and focused atmosphere
What is the halo effect
Stereotypes made by teachers= well behaved students seen as bright and hardworking, therefore receiving more encouragement and support. The opposite can occur stroppy/disruptive students may be seen as lazy/less bright
Waterhouse’s findings on teacher labelling
Waterhouse found that once labels had be applied there can be a pivotal identity for pupils- a core identity providing a pivot which teachers can use to interpret and reinterpret behaviour
He observed examples of normal, conformist behaviour of pupils being labelled. This construction by teachers could lead to self fulfilling prophecies. This could also lead to teacher-student conflict, classroom disruption and the formulation of pro and anti school subcultures
Who came up with the ideal pupil identity
Hempel-Jorgensen
What was hemple-Jorgensen’s ideal pupil identity
Included things such as hard work, concentration, listening, performing well academically and good behaviour.
Hemple-jorgensen’s study on the ideal pupil label
Conducted a year long study of 12 schools in Hampshire and suggested students had their own idea of the “ideal learner”, which is very similar to the teachers.
These ideas of the ideal pupil have become a significant reference point for teachers d the extent of students conformity effects how they deal with pupils
Backers findings on the ideal pupil
Becker believes that teachers evaluate students in regards to their “ideal pupil” - the typical conforming pupil. Students social class and conformity to teachers middle class standards were the most tors influencing teacher labelling, along with ethnic background and sex
Rosenthal and jacbobsons iq test experiment
gave IQ tests to 20% of randomly selected students in a school in California. Teachers were told to expect improvement in selected students results. A year later students were retested and there was a dramatic improvement in IQ = = teachers believing in students led to them improving
Harley and sutton findings on gender stereotypes
Studied 140 children from 3 state schools. 2 Groups told different things. G1= “g perform better than b” and the others weren’t told anything (controlled group)
They were tested on maths, English, reading and writing. G1 b performed worse than b in g2. G performed about the same in both groups. This suggests that’s boys poor performance nationally may be explained by negative stereotypes
What is banding and streaming
Banding and streaming = Students divided into similar ability groups in which they stay for all subjects
What is setting
Setting = Students divided into subject specific ability groups
Ball findings on encouragement between different sets and streams
Ball found that top stream students were encouraged to achieve highly and follow academic courses.
Lower streams were encouraged to follow vocational/practical courses and consequently achieved lower academically, and leaving school asap
Smyth et al findings on lower stream pupils attitudes
Smyth et al found that lower stream classes have negative attitudes to school and disengage from school life. Therefore streaming has harmful effects on self esteem and self confidence, and has a negative effect on attainment
How does streaming disadvantage lower class students
Streaming is often linked to stereotypes of the ideal pupil. Also often puts poorer pupils at a disadvantage, and favours middle class students, therefore contributing to the underachievement of w. Class students
