Education: Topic 3 - Ethnic Differences in Education

Question 1

Define ethnic group

Answer 1

people who share a common history, customs and identity as well as, in most cases, language and religion. They see themselves as a distinct unit.

Question 2

Who defined Ethic group

Answer 2

Lawson and Garrod

Question 3

Who said that language spoken by low income black American families is seen as inadequate for educational success

Answer 3

Bertier and Englemann

Question 4

Who said that Indian Pupils do well despite oftern having English as a second language

Answer 4

Gillborn and Mirza

Question 5

Why are attitudes and values seen as a major cause of Black children failing

Answer 5

They lack moticatvion and are not socialised into a mainstream culture of ambition and competitiveness, instead falling into Sugarmans theory of Present Time Orientation

Question 6

Who said black families are headed by a lone mother

Answer 6

Moynihan

Question 7

Who said that Black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and resistant to racism that leads to low self-esteem and underachievement

Answer 7

Pryce

Question 8

What does Sewell say about Fathers, Gangs and Culture

Answer 8

A lack of tough love and lack of father figure means that black boys turn to gangs for a fatherly figure.

Question 9

What does Gillborn say about Peer Pressure

Answer 9

It is not Peer Presure that leads to failure of young black boys, it is institutional racism

Question 10

Who discussed the Asian Work Ethic

Answer 10

Sewell

Question 11

What did Lupton find about authority in Asian households

Answer 11

Adult authority in Asian families is similar to the model used in schools. This meant parents were more likely to support the school’s behaviour policies.

Question 12

Who is more likely to go to uni, EM or White British

Answer 12

Ethnic Minorities - according to McCulloch

Question 13

Who said that Ethnic Minorites saw education as a “way up” socially

Answer 13

Lupton

Question 14

Who found that White Working class street culture is brutal and can be replicated in school to cause disruption

Answer 14

Evans

Question 15

What is Multicultural Educatio

Answer 15

Recognizes and values minority cultures and includes them in the curriculum

Question 16

What is Anti-Racist Education

Answer 16

Education that challenges prejudice and discrimination

Question 17

Who found that cultural Deprivation theories ignore positives of being an EM, E.g. Black Caribbean girls have strong roll models to look up to

Answer 17

Driver

Question 18

Who said that black pupils don’t underachieve because of low self-esteem, but racism and teacher labelling

Answer 18

Lawrence

Question 19

Who said EM are not culturally deprived - just culturally different

Answer 19

Keddie

Question 20

Who found that EM students were likely to be working class

Answer 20

Palmer

Question 21

PALMER - What amount of EM children live in low income houseing

Answer 21

Around 50% (as a pose to 1/4 or around 25% of white children)

Question 22

Almost half of Bangladeshi and Pankistani workers earn under how much an hour - PALMER

Answer 22

£7

Question 23

How much more likely are EMs to be homeless - PALMER

Answer 23

x3

Question 24

How much more likely are EMs to be unemployed compared to white people - PALMER

Answer 24

x2

Question 25

Name 5 reasons why EMs might be more likely to be materially deprived

Answer 25

• Many live in economically depressed areas, with high unemployment and low wages
• Cultural factors can prevent women from going out to work (e.g. the tradition of Niqab in Muslim households)
• A lack of language skills or foreign qualifications which UK employers don’t recognise.
• Asylum seekers may not be allowed to work
• Racial discrimination in labour market and housing market

Question 26

Who found that the impacts of income outweighed the impacts of ethnicity.

Answer 26

Madood

Question 27

Who did a study that found white people were more likely to hear back from jobs

Answer 27

Wood et al. study sent out 1000 applications with different “ethnic” and “non-ethic” names and found that 1/16 EM applications heard back vs 1/9 White applicants

Question 28

What did Gillborn and Mirza find about Black childrens achievement from primary school till GCSE

Answer 28

Coming into primary school they had the best achievement, however, by GCSE they had the worst results of any ethic group

Question 29

Who found that teachers were quicker to discipline black students

Answer 29

Gillborn and Youdell

Question 30

Where where black students likely to be streamed

Answer 30

In the educational triage they are likely to be labled and put into the hopeless cases and seen as underachevers

Question 31

What did Wright find about Asian pupils language

Answer 31

That the teacher assumed that they would have a poor grasp of English, so left them out of class discussions

Question 32

Who is seen as disruptive in education and who is seen as a problem to ignore

Answer 32

Black students seen as disruptive
Asian students seen as problems to ignore

Question 33

What are Archers 3 pupil Identites

Answer 33

Ideal, Pathologised, Demonised

Question 34

Why are Chinese students seen as achieving in the wrong way

Answer 34

They achieve through hard work, not natural ability

Question 35

Who did Fuller study and what did he find

Answer 35

Year 11 black girls, found they rejected their label and succeeded despite teacher racism

Question 36

What did Mac an Ghaill find about A level students

Answer 36

Asian and Black students did not always accept negative labelling and racism and sometimes succeeded despite it

Question 37

What are Sewells 4 responses to school for boys

Answer 37

Rebel - be naughty and act out, join an anti school subculture
Retreat - shy away and disconnect from school and subcultures
Conform - Go with the flow and accept the goals of school
Innovate - Pro-education, but anti-school. They find their own ways to succeed and dont care about teachers approval

Question 38

Which of Sewells 4 responses did teachers assume black boys fell into

Answer 38

Retreatist

Question 39

Who described institutional racism and individual racism and what did they say

Answer 39

Troyna and Williams
Individual racism: results from prejudiced views of individual teachers
Institutional racism: discrimination that is built into the way institutions work

Question 40

What is Critical Race Theory

Answer 40

The idea that racism is an ingrained part of society. Racism is “lokced in inequality”

Question 41

Why does marketisation allow for EM students to be disadvantaged

Answer 41

Gillborn said that it allows for negative sterotypes to influence schools admissions,
Moore and Davenport said that selection can lead to segrigation as EM students are less likely to get into top schools

Question 42

What is an Ethocentric Curriculum, with 2 examples

Answer 42

A curriculum that reflects the culture of one ethic group -usually the dominant one.

E.g. Language; David - only teach European language
History; Ball - “Little Englandism” Ignores the history of Asian and Black students

Question 43

Why would the ethnocentric curriculum lead to underachievement

Answer 43

As it leads to low self-esteem amoung black students

Question 44

Accoridng to Gillborn, what happens when Black students out perform white students

Answer 44

The assessment is “re-engineered” to allow for black falier as long as white students succeed

Question 45

Gifted and Talented Programme

Answer 45

Gillborn (2008) whites are over twice as likely as Black Caribbean’s, and five times more likely than Black Africans, to be identified as gifted and talented.

Question 46

Exam Tiers

Answer 46

Tikley et al (2006) The “Aiming High” initiative was introduced to raise black Caribbean achievement, despite this blacks were more likely to be entered for lower tier GCSE exams (often because they were in lower sets).

Question 47

What is New IQism

Answer 47

Where teachers make false assumptions about students natural “ability” or “potential” that they believe is fixed to put students in the right set. It disadvantages EM students

Question 48

Who are Model Minorities

Answer 48

Students who succeed despite their setbacks due to being EMS.

E.g. Asian students succeed as the system is meritocratic, This justifies the failure of other groups, as they fail as they cant be bothered to work hard, and it ignores that these model minorities still suffer racism

Question 49

What is intersectionality

Answer 49

Looking at Ethnicity in context with Gender and Class

Question 50

How did Connolly find that black boys and asian boys were seen differently during primary school

Answer 50

Black boys are disruptive underachievers and are more punished, Asian boys are seen as more “feminine” adn need protection from bullying