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Educational Psychology > EducPsych Santrock M-R > Flashcards

EducPsych Santrock M-R Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Involves learning one
topic or concept thoroughly before moving on to a more difficult one.

A

mastery learning

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2
Q

A task-oriented response
to difficult or challenging circumstances that focuses on learning strategies
and the process of achievement rather than
the outcome.

A

mastery orientation

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3
Q

A heuristic in which
one identifies the goal (end) of a problem, assesses the current situation, and evaluates what needs to be done (means) to decrease the difference between the two conditions.

A

means-end analysis

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4
Q

The numerical average of a group of scores.

A

mean

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5
Q

Measures that tell
how much scores vary from one another.

A

measures of variability

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6
Q

The score that falls exactly in the middle of a distribution of scores aft er they
have been arranged (or ranked) from highest
to lowest.

A

median

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7
Q

Th e number of digits an individual can report back without error in a single
presentation.

A

memory span

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8
Q

The retention of information over time, which involves encoding, storage, and
retrieval.

A

memory

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9
Q

An individual’s level of
mental development relative to others.

A

mental age (MA)

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10
Q

Thoughts, feelings, and
motives that cannot be observed by others.

A

mental processes

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11
Q

A condition with an
onset before age 18 that involves low intelligence
(usually below 70 on a traditional
individually administered intelligence test)

A

mental retardation

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12
Q

A type of fixation in which an individual tries to solve a problem in a particular
way that has worked in the past.

A

mental set

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13
Q

Cognition about cognition,
or “knowing about knowing.”

A

metacognition

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14
Q

Knowledge of language.

A

metalinguistic awareness

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15
Q

Means being alert, mentally
present, and cognitively flexible while going through life’s everyday activities and tasks. Mindful students maintain an active awareness
of the circumstances in their lives.

A

mindfulness

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16
Q

Dweck’s concept that refers to the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves;
individuals have one of two mindsets: (1) fixed or (2) growth.

A

mindset

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17
Q

Involves research
that blends different research designs and/or
methods.

A

mixed methods research

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18
Q

The score that occurs most often.

A

mode

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19
Q

An educational philosophy
in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing
activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire.

A

Montessori approach

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20
Q

Development with respect
to the rules and conventions of just interactions between people.

A

moral development

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21
Q

Refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.

A

morphology

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22
Q

Th e processes that energize, direct, and sustain behavior.

A

motivation

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23
Q

Education that values
diversity and includes the perspectives of a variety of cultural groups on a regular basis.

A

multicultural education

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24
Q

An objective test item
consisting of two parts: a stem plus a set of
possible responses.

A

multiple-choice item

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25
The process of encasing many cells in the brain with a myelin sheath that increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system.
myelination
26
Observation in the real world rather than a laboratory.
naturalistic observation
27
Issue that involves the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature (an organism’s biological inheritance) or nurture (environmental experiences).
nature-nurture issue
28
Nature refers to an organism’s biological inheritance, nurture to environmental infl uences. Th e “nature” proponents claim biological inheritance is the most important influence on development; the “nurture” proponents claim environmental experiences are the most important.
nature-nurture issue
29
Th e transfer of learning to a situation that is similar to the one in which the initial learning took place.
near transfer
30
The motive to be securely connected with other people.
need for affiliation, or relatedness
31
Reinforcement based on the principle that the frequency of a response increases because an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is removed.
negative reinforcement
32
A parenting style of uninvolvement in which parents spend little time with their children; associated with children’s social incompetence.
neglectful parenting
33
Developmental psychologists who believe that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision; emphasize how to process information through attention, memory, and strategies.
neo-Piagetians
34
Theories that describe how information in memory is organized and connected; they emphasize nodes in the memory network.
network theories
35
Procedural knowledge in the form of skills and cognitive operations. This cannot be consciously recollected, at least not in the form of specific events or facts.
nondeclarative memory
36
A variation of between-class ability grouping in which students are grouped by their ability in particular subjects regardless of their age or grade level.
nongraded (cross-age) program
37
A bell-shaped curve in which most of the scores are clustered around the mean; the farther above or below the mean that we travel, the less frequently each score occurs.
normal distribution
38
A symmetrical distribution, with a majority of scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.
normal distribution
39
The group of individuals previously tested that provides a basis for interpreting a test score.
norm group
40
A grading system based on a comparison of a student’s performance with that of other students in the class or of other classes and other students.
norm-referenced grading
41
Standardized tests in which a student’s score is interpreted by comparing it with how others (the norm group) performed.
norm-referenced tests
42
Tests that have relatively clear, unambiguous scoring criteria, usually multiple-choice tests.
objective tests
43
Learning that involves acquiring skills, strategies, and beliefs by observing others.
observational learning
44
A classroom arrangement style in which small numbers of students (usually three or four) sit at tables but do not sit directly across from one another.
off set style
45
Also called instrumental conditioning, this is a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability that the behavior will occur.
operant conditioning
46
Restricted movements or lack of control of movements, due to muscle, bone, or joint problems.
orthopedic impairments
47
Th e tendency to have more confidence in judgment and decisions than we should have, based on probability or past experience.
overconfidence bias
48
Observation conducted at the same time the teacher-researcher is actively involved as a participant in the activity or setting.
participant observation
49
Knowledge about how to effectively teach a particular discipline.
pedagogical content knowledge
50
The percentage of a distribution that lies at or below the score.
percentile-rank score
51
Assessment that requires creating answers or products that demonstrate knowledge and skill; examples include writing an essay, conducting an experiment, carrying out a project, solving a real-world problem, and creating a portfolio.
performance assessment
52
Specific behaviors that students need to perform effectively as part of an assessment.
performance criteria
53
A focus on winning rather than an achievement outcome; success is believed to result from winning.
performance orientation
54
A management style that allows students considerable autonomy but provides them with little support for developing learning skills or managing their behavior.
permissive classroom management style
55
Distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
personality
56
The view that the best way to conceptualize personality is not in terms of personal traits or characteristics alone, but also in terms of the situation involved.
person-situation interaction
57
An approach that emphasizes that reading instruction should teach phonics and its basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds and that early reading instruction should use simplified materials.
phonics approach
58
A language’s sound system.
phonology
59
A systematic and organized collection of a student’s work that demonstrates the student’s skills and accomplishments.
portfolio
60
Reinforcement based on the principle that the frequency of a response increases because it is followed by a rewarding stimulus.
positive reinforcement
61
The third and highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, morality is more internal. Th e postconventional level consists of two stages: social contract or utility and individual rights (stage 5) and universal ethical principles (stage 6).
postconventional reasoning
62
The appropriate use of language in different contexts.
pragmatics
63
The lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory. At this level, morality is often focused on reward and punishment. Th e two stages in preconventional reasoning are punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1) and individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange (stage 2).
preconventional reasoning
64
The relation between test scores and the student’s future performance.
predictive validity
65
The highest level in the frontal lobes; involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control.
prefrontal cortex
66
An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of the individual’s membership in a group.
prejudice
67
Th e principle that a high-probability activity can serve as a reinforcer for a low-probability activity.
Premack principle
68
Th e second Piagetian stage, lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age, symbolic thought increases, but operational thought is not yet present.
preoperational stage
69
Learning that emphasizes authentic problems like those that occur in daily life.
problem-based learning
70
Finding an appropriate way to attain a goal.
problem solving
71
Research designed to make decisions about the effectiveness of a particular program.
program evaluation research
72
Students work on real, meaningful problems beyond those of everyday life and create tangible products.
project-based learning
73
An added stimulus or cue that is given just before a response, thus increasing the likelihood the response will recur.
prompt
74
Deciding if an item is a member of a category by comparing it with the most typical item(s) of the category.
prototype matching
75
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which required that all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education and which provided the funding to help implement this education.
Public Law 94-142
76
A consequence that decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
punishment
77
Involves obtaining information using descriptive measures such as interviews, case studies, personal journals and diaries, and focus groups but not statistically analyzing the information.
qualitative research
78
Employs numerical calculations in an eff ort to discover information about a particular topic.
quantitative research
79
Occurs when a school employee threatens to base an educational decision (such as a grade) on a student’s submission to unwelcome sexual conduct.
quid pro quo sexual harassment
80
In experimental research, the assignment of participants to experimental and control groups by chance.
random assignment
81
The distance between the highest and lowest scores.
range
82
The language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships; more characteristic of females than males.
rapport talk
83
The number of items the student answered correctly on the test.
raw score
84
The reception and understanding of language.
receptive language
85
A learning arrangement used by FCL in which students take turns leading a small-group discussion; can also involve teacher-scaffolded instruction.
reciprocal teaching
86
The conscious repetition of information over time to increase the length of time it stays in memory.
rehearsal
87
A consequence that increases the probability that a behavior will occur.
reinforcement (reward)
88
Th e extent to which a test produces a consistent, reproducible score.
reliability
89
Talk that gives information; more characteristic of males than females.
report talk
90
Taking a positive reinforcer away from an individual.
response cost

Educational Psychology (4 decks)

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